Republic of Zambia Ministry of Gender GENDER STATUS REPORT 2017-19 Implemented by: Co-funded by the European Union TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 DEFINITIONS 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14 1. INTRODUCTION 15 2. COUNTRY PROFILE 16 2.1 Demography and Population 2.1.1 Total Fertility Rate 2.1.2 Age-Specific Fertility Rate 2.1.3 Age at First Marriage 2.1.3.1 Key Challenges Affecting Progress in Achieving Gender Equality and Equity 2.2 The Context of Gender Equality and Equity 2.2.1 Background and Purpose 2.2.2 Policies and Mechanisms for Gender Equality 2.2.3 Overview of Achievements and Challenges in Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment 2.3 Partnerships for Gender and Development 3. METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Data Sources 3.2 Methods for Data Compilation 3.2.1 Desk Review 3.2.2 Analysis 3.3 Data Quality 3.4 Limitations PROGRESS IN KEY THEMATIC AREAS 22 4. GOVERNANCE AND DECISION-MAKING 23 4.1 Participation in the Legislature (Parliament) 4.2 Nominated Members of Parliament 4.3 Participation in Cabinet 4.4 Provincial Ministers 4.5 Participation in Local Government – Councillors 4.6 Traditional Leadership 4.7 The Judiciary 4.8 Public Service Commissions 4.9 Permanent Secretaries 4.10 Directors in the Civil Service 4.11 Management Positions in State-Owned Enterprises 5. POVERTY AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 28 5.1 Policy Environment and Mechanisms to Address Poverty and Women’s Empowerment 5.2 Women’s Empowerment and Livelihood Programmes 5.2.1 Agriculture Development Through Value Chain Enhancement 5.2.2 Girls’ Education and Women’s Empowerment and Livelihood 5.2.3 Microcredit Scheme – Livelihood and Empowerment Support Scheme 5.2.4 Mechanised Farming Equipment Programme 5.2.5 50 Million African Women Speak Project 5.2.6 Financial Assistance 5.2.7 Transforming Rural Livelihoods in Western Zambia 5.2.8 Lake Tanganyika Development Project 5.3 Decision-Making at the Household Level 5.3.1 Control over Household Income Among Married People in Zambia 5.3.2 Negotiating Sexual Relationships 5.4 Access and Ownership of Assets – Housing and Land 5.5 Social Protection Programmes 5.5.1 Social Cash Transfer Scheme 5.5.2 Food Security Pack Programme 5.5.3 Community Skills Development 6. EDUCATION AND TRAINING 42 6.1 Gross Enrolment Rates 6.1.1 GER – Primary Education 6.1.2 GER – Secondary Education 6.2 Net Enrolment Rates 6.3 School Attendance Gender Parity Index 6.3.1 Net Enrolment and Gross Enrolment Rates 6.3.2 Dropout Rates 6.3.3 Transition Rates 6.3.4 Re-admission of Girls into School After Pregnancy 6.3.5 Completion Rates Gender Status Report 2017-19 3 7. HEALTH, AND HIV AND AIDS 49 7.1 Health Insurance (Private and Government) 7.2 Key Health Issues 7.2.1 Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services 7.2.1.1 Access to Family Planning 7.2.2 Access to Reproductive Health Services Among Adolescents 7.2.2.1 Teenage Pregnancies 7.3 HIV and AIDS 7.4 Other Health Issues 7.4.1 Maternal Mortality 7.4.2 Infant Mortality 8. ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE (ECONOMIC) RESOURCES AND EMPLOYMENT 56 8.1 Gender-Responsive Budgeting 8.2 Select Labour Market Indicators 8.2.1 Labour Force 8.2.2 Labour Force Participation Rate 8.3 Employment 8.3.1 Employed Population 8.3.2 Employment-to-Population Ratio 8.4 Employment by Occupation 8.5 Employment in Select Industries 8.5.1 Construction 8.5.2 Mining and Quarrying 8.5.3 Energy 8.5.4 Environment – Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management 8.5.4.1 National-Level Recruitment of Women in Technical and Senior Decision-Making Roles 8.5.4.2 Women’s Participation at the Community Level 8.5.5 Transport and Storage 8.5.6 Manufacturing 8.6 Sector Employment – Formal, Informal, and Household Sectors 8.7 Types of Employment 8.7.1 Formal and Informal Employment 8.7.2 Agriculture and Non-Agriculture 8.7.3 Institutional Sector Employment 8.8 Status in Employment 8.9 Potential Labour Force 8.10 Unemployment Rate 8.11 Youth Unemployment 8.12 Economically Inactive Population 8.13 Youth Not in Employment, Education, or Training 8.14 Access to Property and Resources 8.14.1 Own Business Account/Enterprise 8.14.2 Own-Use Production Work 8.14.3 Land Ownership and Agriculture 8.14.3.1 Land Ownership 8.14.3.2 Agriculture 9. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE 79 9.1 Reported Cases of Gender-Based Violence 9.2 Types of Reported GBV Offences 9.2.1 Child Marriages 9.2.2 Human Trafficking 9.3 Actions Taken on Reported GBV Cases 10. THE MEDIA, AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 85 10.1 Representation, and Access to the Media and Information 10.1.1 Participation in Mass Media 10.2 Access to and Usage of Information and Communication Technologies 10.2.1 Access to Internet and E-Commerce Services 10.2.2 ICT Access and Use Among the Youth 10.2.3 Mobile Phone Access, Usage, and Ownership 10.2.4 Access to and Usage of Digital Financial Services 10.2.5 Efforts to Increase Media, Information, and ICT Accessibility in Zambia 11. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS 91 12. CONCLUSION 92 REFERENCES 93 APPENDICES 96 Appendix 1. Map Showing HIV Prevalence by Province, 2018/2019 Appendix 2. Map Showing Total Fertility Rate by Province Appendix 3. Traditional Leadership by Sex and Province, 2017–2019 Appendix 4. Number of Reported Gender-Based Violence Cases by Offence Type and Sex, 2019 Appendix 5. Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry and Sex, 2019 Appendix 6. List of Team Members Who Authored Thematic Sections 4 Gender Status Report 2017-19 FOREWORD The Republic of Zambia is party to a number of regional and international protocols on gender equality and women’s empowerment like the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Gender and Development; the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights; the Maputo Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the Convention on the Rights of Children; and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The country has enacted various pieces of legislation to ensure the effective mainstreaming of gender in all sector policies, laws, plans, programmes, projects, and outputs. The aim is to ensure equitable distribution and access to national resources among women and men, girls and boys, and people with disabilities. These pieces of legislation include, among others, the 2016 Constitution of Zambia, Gender Equity and Equality Act No. 22 of 2015, and the National Gender Policy. The Government of Zambia, through the Ministry of Gender, has over the past several years been publishing the Gender Status Report to show the progress made towards implementing the above protocols and legislation, as well as to provide information about the status of the country in terms of achieving gender equality and equity in various development sectors. This report is the third country report. It is an improvement on previous reports as it provides a critical analysis of gender statistics, presenting data through a gender lens in order to give a clear outlook on the progress made and persistent logjams. The report shows the gender gaps in demographic structures and population dynamics, as well as the strides that have been made in promoting women and men’s participation in various aspects of life. Hon Elizabeth Phiri MP Minister of Gender Gender Status Report 2017-19 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Government of Zambia is committed to ensuring the achievement of gender equality and equity in its development agenda. The Gender Status Report is a management and planning tool that evaluates the gender responsiveness of government programmes and the extent to which gender is being integrated in the development process across all sectors. The Ministry of Gender and the Zambia Statistics Agency (ZamStats) have taken the lead in preparing the report on selected gender indicators, since 2014, to monitor progress. The process of preparing this Gender Status Report involved wide consultations with all key stakeholders implementing various developmental programmes. Acknowledgements, therefore, go to all line ministries and partners who assisted in one way or another in the production of this report. We would like to specially acknowledge the financial, logistical, and technical support given through our partners and consultants towards the production of the report to the “Strengthening the National- Regional Linkages in SADC” (SNRL), which is a partnership programme implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in partnership with the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) with co-funding from the European Union (EU) as part of the Integrated Institutional Capacity-Building (IICB) Programme. Finally, our gratitude is extended to ZamStats for coordinating the process of data compilation from all stakeholders and contributing towards the data analysis and report writing. Sastone Silomba Chola Chabala Permanent Secretary Permanent Secretary Ministry of Gender Ministry of National Development Planning Implemented by: Co-funded by the European Union 6 Gender Status Report 2017-19 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Population of Zambia by sex, 2017-2019 Table 4.1 Distribution of members of parliament by sex, 2017-2019 Table 4.2 Distribution of nominated members of parliament by sex, 2017-2019 Table 4.3 Distribution of cabinet ministers by sex, 2017-2019 Table 4.4 Distribution of selected councillors by sex Table 4.5 Traditional leaders in Zambia Table 4.6 Number of senior