Rouge River State of the Watershed Report Cultural Heritage Goal: Recognition, preservation, and celebration of cultural heritage in the Rouge River watershed to increase awareness and understanding of past human relationships with the environment . Cultural Heritage Key Findings: • For 10,000 years, the Rouge River Watershed has been used by humans in some way, beginning with aboriginal hunters and farmers, explorers, traders, men of God, soldiers, surveyors, and finally settlers. • Over 1,360 archaeological and heritage sites located in the Rouge River watershed and historical accounts reveal the watershed is rich in heritage value. Knowledge gained from these sites and many more potential sites can provide an appreciation of past human relationships with the environment. • Early aboriginal inhabitants were nomadic hunters and later farmers and villagers with the introduction of agriculture about AD 700. The 3 acre Milroy site, overlooking Little Rouge River, is an example of a Late Woodland Iroquoian longhouse village, and one of a dozen such sites in the watershed. • European settlement began in Markham Township in the eighteenth century with the German-speaking Berczy settlement. Settlement in other parts of the watershed was slower due to absentee owners. • By 1861 there were 54 mills on the River. • Over 22 architectural styles lend a unique identity to the 19 th century Rouge River landscape. This array of architecture has arisen due to the sophistication and complexity of its Euro-Canadian settlers. • The 2001 Canadian census showed that in the Rouge River watershed people of Canadian or British heritage make up 31% of the population, with the remainder being Chinese (21%), East Indian (9%) and over 35 other cultures. Summary of Current CondCondiiiitionstions Ratings: Objective: Overall Rating • Identify, document, protect and celebrate cultural Good heritage resources. TABLE OF CONTENTS 11.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE.................................................................................................. 11-1 11.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 11-1 11.2 Understanding Cultural Heritage in the Rouge River Watershed............................. 11-1 11.2.1 Aboriginal Heritage............................................................................................ 11-4 11.2.2 Euro-Canadian History ...................................................................................... 11-9 11.2.3 20th and 21st Century Culture ........................................................................ 11-12 11.3 Measuring Cultural Heritage.................................................................................... 11-13 11.4 Existing Inventory .................................................................................................... 11-16 11.4.1 Archaeological Sites ........................................................................................ 11-16 11.4.2 Built Heritage Structures.................................................................................. 11-18 11.5 Objective for Cultural Heritage ................................................................................ 11-19 11.6 Summary and Management Considerations.......................................................... 11-23 11.7 References ............................................................................................................... 11-26 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 11-1: Cultural Heritage Highlight Areas...................................................................... 11-25 LIST OF TABLES Table 11-1: Heritage Definitions ............................................................................................... 11-2 Table 11-2: Rouge River Watershed Heritage Study Database ............................................ 11-14 Table 11-3: Definition of Terms used in the Cultural Heritage Database.............................. 11-15 Table 11-4: Rouge River Watershed Archaeological Sites: Cultural Affiliation .................... 11-17 Table 11-5: Rouge River Watershed Built Heritage Structures: Original Use...................... 11-18 Table 11-6: Rouge River Watershed Built Heritage Features by Municipality ...................... 11-19 Table 11-7: Rouge River Watershed Built Heritage Structures: Architectural Style............. 11-20 Table 11-8: Architectural Styles Found in the Rouge River Watershed ................................ 11-21 Unique Rouge River Watershed Feature TTTheThe Rouge Valley formed the east branch of the famoufamouss fur trade route known as the Toronto Carrying Place TrailTrail.... CHAPTER CULTURAL HERITAGE 111111 11.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE 11.1 Introduction Over thousands of years and into the present, geological processes such as glaciation, erosion, flooding and deposition have shaped the Rouge River watershed into a region of unique and praiseworthy natural heritage value. They also provided a diverse and resource- rich environment for human occupation. Humankind has always been fascinated with its history. The remains of what was past continue to intrigue and educate us. Evidence of past human settlement, transmitted through material culture (artifacts) is considered a non-renewable environmental resource that can provide information that allows us to contemplate and attempt to understand our present relationship with the environment. This chapter details the known cultural heritage resources, in other words, the history of the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people and remnants of their past in the Rouge River watershed. The chapter also introduces the concept of living culture and various means by which contemporary watershed residents express their diverse cultural heritage. The chapter will contribute to future planning, education, stewardship, and restoration efforts. 11.2 Understanding Cultural Heritage in the RRougeouge River Watershed The identification of archaeological and architectural resources form the basis for an appreciation of cultural heritage (See Table 11-1 for Definitions). 11-1 Table 111111-11 ---1111:: Heritage Definitions Archaeological Archaeological Resources are defined as: The remains of any building, structure, event, activity, place or cultural Resources feature or object which because of the passage of time is on or below the surface of the land or the water and which is associated with Aboriginal history (pre AD 1608) or the post-contact (historic) period (post AD 1608) in Ontario. Architectural Architectural Resources are defined as: Buildings, structures, or remains built by people which reveal some of the Resources broad architectural, cultural, social, political, economic or military patterns of Ontario's Euro-Canadian history or are associated with specific events or people that have shaped Euro-Canadian history. These would include resources such as: individual buildings; groups of buildings; historic settlements; foundations; cemeteries; barns and other outbuildings; fences; bridges etc. Architectural Resources of outstanding historical or architectural character can be protected under the Ontario Heritage Act by being DesDesignatedDes ignatedignated. This procedure requires the passing of a By-Law by the local municipal government. Architectural Resources considered as potential or candidates for this protective measure are defined as ListedListed. Heritage Heritage Conservation Districts are defined as: Any aggregate of buildings, structures and open spaces that as a Conservation group is a collective asset to the community and which may have architectural, historical, archaeological or scenic Districts/Heritage value. Districts may be found in urban and rural environments, and may comprise residential, commercial or industrial Area areas, landscapes or entire villages. Heritage Conservation Districts are designated by municipal by-law, under Part V of the Ontario Heritage Act. Cultural Heritage Cultural Heritage landscapes are defined as: Any discrete aggregation of features made by people where the Landscapes arrangement of the features that exist in conjunction with one another is representative of distinct cultural processes in the present and historical development and use of the land within the watershed. Cultural landscapes include any scenic/heritage or contemporary area perceived as an ensemble of culturally derived landscape features such as a neighbourhood, a townscape, landscape or waterscape that illustrates noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. For practical purposes Historic Landscapes may be considered as part of, or a subset of, the cultural landscape but are differentiated by their historical merit. They can be remnant or existing landscapes but have a specific association to historical events, people, heritage building(s)/structures or archaeological sites. They can be clearly identified as providing an important contextual and spatial relationship necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical resources, settings and past patterns of land use. 11-2 Archaeological evidence highlights how watershed resources were used and impacted in the past, revealing environmental reasons for settlement. These relationships include proximity to water (water-taking, food procurement, transportation) soil characteristics (for agriculture), slope conditions (for settlement), local biotic communities (food, shelter, clothing) and landscapes (spirituality). Watershed