BENCHMARK ON INTERNATIONAL CLUSTER BEST PRACTICES SAGE DELIVERABLE D7.1 FINAL VERSION 25/1/2013 Safe and Green Road Vehicles Europe French Automotive Cluster Main and corresponding authors: Ann-Sofi Karlsson, AB Volvo Hans Fogelberg, Region Västra Götaland Marc Charlet, Movéo Martin Boeld, Continental Michael Balthasar, AB Volvo Michel Gigou, Movéo Yuhua Chang, WUT Acknowledgements: The work with this report was led by AB Volvo but the collection of data on the different regions presented was provided and made jointly by a core team consisting of representatives from MOVEO in France, Continental in Germany, Warsaw University in Poland, and AB Volvo in Sweden. To be able to describe the regional innovation systems in the regions chosen for the benchmark, local representatives within the partner organizations of SAGE at site, provide the characterizations. A special thanks to the local representatives and experts providing information for this report: Tejas Desai, Continental Saptarshi Saradindubasu, Continental Vaibhav Kalra, Continental Nicolas Dattez, Mov’eo Saeil Jean, AB Volvo Li Youngwei, AB Volvo Sudeep Nahke, AB Volvo Lei Feng, AB Volvo 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1.1. BACKGROUND – PURPOSE AND SCOPE 4 1.2. BENCHMARK OF REGIONS 4 1.2.1. BEIJING 4 1.2.2. SHANGHAI 6 1.2.3. XI’AN 7 1.2.4. TOKYO 9 1.2.5. NAGOYA 11 1.2.6. MUMBAI /P UNE 12 1.2.7. BANGALORE /C HENNAI 14 1.2.8. DAEJEON 15 1.2.9. BUSAN /U LSAN 16 1.3. CONCLUSIONS 17 INTRODUCTION 20 1.4. BACKGROUND 20 1.5. OBJECTIVES 20 1.6. METHODOLOGY 22 2. CHINA 24 2.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 24 2.1.1. HISTORY 24 2.1.2. ECONOMY 24 2.1.3. CLUSTER POLICY 25 2.1.4. AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 26 2.1.5. NATIONAL RESEARCH BODIES 26 2.2. BEIJING REGION 29 2.2.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 29 2.2.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 31 2.2.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE & ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 38 2.2.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 39 2.2.5. SUMMARY BEIJING 42 2.3. SHANGHAI 43 2.3.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 43 2.3.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 44 2.3.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE AND ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 49 2.3.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 52 2.3.5. SUMMARY SHANGHAI 53 2.4. XI’AN REGION 54 2.4.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 54 2.4.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 58 2.4.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE AND ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 66 2.4.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 67 2.4.5. SUMMARY XI’AN 68 4. JAPAN 69 4.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 69 4.1.1. HISTORY 69 4.1.2. ECONOMY 69 4.1.3. CLUSTER POLICY 70 4.1.4. AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 70 4.1.5. NATIONAL RESEARCH BODIES 70 4.2. TOKYO REGION 74 4.2.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 74 4.2.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 78 4.2.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE & ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 81 4.2.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 82 4.2.5. SUMMARY TOKYO 82 4.3. NAGOYA REGION 83 4.3.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 83 4.3.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 85 4.3.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE & ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 92 4.3.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 93 4.3.5. SUMMARY NAGOYA 93 5. INDIA 95 5.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 95 5.1.1. HISTORY 95 5.1.2. ECONOMY 95 5.1.3. CLUSTER POLICY 96 5.1.4. AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 96 5.1.5. NATIONAL RESEARCH BODIES 97 5.2. WESTERN CLUSTER MUMBAI /P UNE REGION 100 5.2.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE REGION 100 5.2.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 104 5.2.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE & ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 107 5.2.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT - TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 108 5.2.5. SUMMARY WESTERN CLUSTER – MUMBAI /P UNE 110 5.3. SOUTHERN CLUSTER – BANGALORE /C HENNAI REGION 112 5.3.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 112 5.3.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 114 5.3.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE & ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 122 5.3.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 124 5.3.5. SUMMARY SOUTHERN CLUSTER – BANGALORE /C HENNAI 125 6. SOUTH KOREA 126 2 6.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 126 6.1.1. HISTORY 126 6.1.2. ECONOMY 127 6.1.3. CLUSTER POLICY 127 6.1.4. AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 128 6.1.5. NATIONAL RESEARCH BODIES 129 6.2. DAEJEON REGION 132 6.2.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 132 6.2.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 133 6.2.3. TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE & ECONOMIC ABILITY OF THE CLUSTER 137 6.2.4. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY 138 6.2.5. SUMMARY DAEJEON 142 6.3. BUSAN /U LSAN REGION 144 6.3.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 144 6.3.2. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 147 6.3.3. CLUSTER ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT – TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY OF THE REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM 155 6.3.4. SUMMARY BUSAN /U LSAN 155 7. SWOT 157 7.1. INTRODUCTION 157 7.2. AIM OF SWOT ANALYSIS 157 7.3. METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING THE SWOT S OF A CLUSTER 157 7.4. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MAPPED REGIONS 158 7.4.1. BEIJING 158 7.4.2. SHANGHAI 162 7.4.3. XI’AN 166 7.4.4. TOKYO 168 7.4.5. NAGOYA 170 7.4.6. MUMBAI /P UNE 171 7.4.7. BANGALORE /C HENNAI 177 7.4.8. DAEJEON 179 7.4.9. BUSAN /U LSAN 180 8. CONCLUSIONS 183 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1. BACKGROUND – PURPOSE AND SCOPE The aim of this report is to present a mapping and analyse the research and innovation “ecosystem” of nine different automotive research driven clusters in Asia. The regions selected for the analysis are: Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an in China; Tokyo and Nagoya in Japan; Mumbai/Pune and Bangalore in India, and finally Daejeon and Busan/Ulsan in South Korea. Focus has been on mapping clusters with respect to their ability in the area of Green and Safe road vehicle development. The work was led by AB Volvo but the collection of data on the different regions presented in this report was provided and prepared jointly by a core team consisting of representatives from MOVEO in France, Continental in Germany, Warsaw University in Poland, and AB Volvo in Sweden. The methodology used to prepare this report is a combination of desk research (literature analysis) based on earlier studies and reports, and interactions with representatives from governmental agencies and private or independent organizations in each region. The primary characterization of each region was done by local experts that had established links with the SAGE project partner organizations. The goal was to provide regional ‘insider’ information on the R&I ecosystem of the different regions. The study uses the concept of ‘cluster’ to describe the character of each regional innovation systems. The cluster concept assumes that there is a geographic concentration of businesses and competence stakeholders in a certain area of technology and this represent the ‘ability’ of the region in that particular area. A distinction is made between clusters as historical outcome, meaning the actual and complete ecosystem of actors, and ‘cluster initiatives’, meaning collaboration between a central group of actors that aim to develop the abilities of the actual cluster in a certain technology area. 1 The mapping of a region, therefore, focuses on both the complete cluster and on the cluster initiatives that arise in these regions in the area of green and safe vehicle technology. 1.2. BENCHMARK OF REGIONS The nine regions in this study were selected for their relevance for research and innovation in the automotive area. The other selection criterion was that established links existed between partners of the SAGE consortium and the different studied regions. One aim of SAGE is to develop collaboration between regions and a choice was made to give priority to the regions with which collaboration could be developed or organized by the partners in the SAGE project 1.2.1. Beijing The Chinese research and innovation system is complex and to a great extent led by Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) and China Academy of Science (CAS). In order to strengthen R&I it is common to designate cutting edge technologies and pioneering areas to 1 Source: Sölvell, Ö (2009) Clusters. Balancing Evolutionary and Constructive Forces. Stockholm: Ivory Tower Publishers; Sölvell, Ö., Lindqvist, G., and C. Ketels (2003) The Cluster Initiative Greenbook. specific stakeholders to lead the development. Such spearheads may be comprised of geographic regions, industry sectors or specific areas of research. The central government's five-year plans and R&I strategies identify research areas to be prioritized, but even if the objectives of R&I are largely set at the national level, provinces are of great importance with various regional innovation systems having their own initiatives and mechanisms. After China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the development of the automobile market has accelerated quickly. The automotive industry in China is the largest in the world measured by automobile unit production from 2008, where, e.g. in 2011 about 18.5 million vehicles were produced. Of the automobiles produced, almost half were local brands from OEMS such as Great Wall Motor, BYD Auto, FAW and SAIC, many of whom manufacture small, lightweight vehicles suitable for the Chinese consumers and businesses. Those national vendors have been joined in the market by foreign companies, such as VW, Hyundai, Toyota, Ford, GM and Volvo.