Conflict, Social Capital and Managing Natural Resources A West African Case Study Conflict, Social Capital and Managing Natural Resources A West African Case Study Edited by Keith M. Moore Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) West Africa Site Office of International Research, Education, and Development Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Conflict, social capital, and managing natural resources : a West African case study / edited by Keith M. Moore. p. cm. “Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM), Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP).” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-948-4 (alk. paper) 1. Natural resources–Africa, West–Management. 2. Land tenure– Environmental aspects–Africa, West. 3. Grazing–Environmental aspects–Africa, West. 4. Soil conservation–Africa, West. 5. Sustainable agriculture–Africa, West. 6. Infrastructure (Economics)–Africa, West. 7. Conflict management–Africa, West. 8. Sustainable development–Africa, West. I. Moore, Keith M. II. SANREM. HC1000.Z65C66 2004 333.7Ј0966–dc22 2004012409 ISBN 0 85199 948 4 Typeset in Melior by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Part I: Background 1. Conflict and Agropastoral Development in the Sahel 1 Keith M. Moore, Michael Bertelsen, Salmana Cissé and Amadou Kodio 2. The Lifescape: Production Systems and Social Institutions 23 Salmana Cissé, Keith M. Moore and Charlene Brewster 3. Landscape and Soil Characterization of Madiama Commune 35 Oumarou Badini and Lassana Dioni 4. Investigation into the Movements of Cattle, Sheep and Goat Herds Through the Commune of Madiama 53 Adama Ballo and Abdoul Karim Ouattara 5. Land Use Changes in Madiama Commune 71 Randolph H. Wynne, Mohamed Sidi Mohamed Touré, Nina Sengupta and Adama Ballo Part II: Interventions 6. Participatory Landscape/Lifescape Appraisal 77 Julia Earl and Amadou Kodio 7. Building Social Infrastructure for Sustainable Development 89 Keith M. Moore, Salmana Cissé and Abdoulaye Touré 8. Conflict Management Training 101 Jeff Goebel, Catherine Ampagoomian and Abdoulaye Touré v vi Contents 9. Holistic Management Applied to SANREM Research and Development in Madiama 117 Sam Bingham Part III: Findings 10. Farmers’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Soil Fertility 129 Todd Crane and Boureima Traoré 11. Biophysical Assessment of Alternative Soil Fertility Technologies Through Modelling 143 Oumarou Badini, Boureima Traoré and Mohamed Sidi Mohamed Touré 12. An Economic Evaluation of Alternative Soil Management Technologies 159 Peter Wyeth, Boureima Traoré, Oumarou Badini, Mohamed Sidi Mohamed Touré and Charlene Brewster 13. Economic Linkages Among Occupational Groups in the Madiama Commune 181 Charlene Brewster, Daniel Kaboré, Michael Bertelsen and Peter Wyeth 14. Dry Season Feed Supplements: the Potential Role of Cassia tora 195 Meriem El Hadj, Ozzie Abaye, Amadou Kodio and Moussa Keïta 15. Controlled Grazing: Botanical Response and Animal Performance 211 Ozzie Abaye, Meriem El Hadj, Amadou Kodio and Moussa Keïta 16. Social Capital and Improved NRM 229 Keith M. Moore and Salmana Cissé 17. What We Have Learned 247 Keith M. Moore, Charlene Brewster and Michael Bertelsen Index 257 Contributors Abaye, O., Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0404, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Ampagoomian, C., Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Badini, O., International Programs/Development Cooperation, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-5121, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Ballo, A., ESPGRN Team Leader, Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Economie Rurale, BP 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Bertelsen, M., College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0334, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Bingham, S., Allan Savory Center for Holistic Management, 394 Vanderbilt Road, Asheville, NC 28803, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Brewster, C., Office of International Research, Education and Development, Virginia Tech, 840 University City Boulevard, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0378, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Cissé, S., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Economie Rurale, B.P. 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Crane, T.A., Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Dioni, L., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique-Sotuba, Institut d’Economie Rurale, BP 258, Bamako, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Earl, J., Preventing Harm Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407, USA. E-mail: [email protected] El Hadj, M., Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0404, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Goebel, J., Goebel & Associates, PO Box 2503, Redmond, Oregon 97756, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Kaboré, D., Institut de l’environnement et des recherches agricoles, Burkina Faso, 04 BP 7192, Ouagadougou, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Keïta, M., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Economie Rurale, B.P. 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Kodio, A., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Economie Rurale, B.P. 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Moore, K.M., Office of International Research, Education and Development, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0378, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Ouattara, A.K., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Economie Rural, BP 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Sengupta, N., Center for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0324, USA. Touré, A., Local Governance Advisor, CARE/Tombouctou, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Touré, M.S.M., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Ecomonie Rurale, BP 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Traoré, B., Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Economie Rurale, BP 205, Mopti, Mali, Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Wyeth, P., International Programs-Development Cooperation, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-5121, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Wynne, R.H., Center for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0324, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Preface This book is the product of a 6-year pro- Georgia, and trainers from Tufts University gramme involving the population and terri- and the Center for Holistic Management. tory of one decentralized local government Despite SANREM’s academic roots, it is also unit in West Africa. On one hand, it highly participatory and seeks to ensure rel- recounts the efforts of research and devel- evance and encourage adoption of improved opment agents engaged in developing and NRM processes by developing the tools and transferring the appropriate social and bio- methodologies collaboratively with local physical technologies and decision support institutions and partners. This inclusive tools for sustainable development. On the approach provides the added benefit of other hand, it describes the experience and being able to build on all SANREM partners’ conditions of the local population seeking experience. In Mali, SANREM’s principal a pathway from poverty and food insecu- partners are led by the Institut d’Economie rity to a healthy economy and environ- Rurale (IER), CARE-Mali and Groupe de ment. Recherche Action pour la Développement The book’s contributors are part of a (GRAD) as well as the men and women, global programme, the Sustainable Agri- farmers, pastoralists and fisherfolk of the culture and Natural Resource Management Commune of Madiama. (SANREM) Collaborative Research Support SANREM began Phase II (1998–2004) of Program (CRSP) initiated in 1993 with sites its activities in West Africa with the objec- in Ecuador, the Philippines and Mali. The tive of advancing NRM in the Sahel by SANREM CRSP is financed jointly by the addressing what was increasingly being per- United States Agency for International ceived as the major stumbling block to Development (USAID) and participating progress in community-based NRM: violent institutions. Through SANREM, US univer- conflict over access to and use of natural sities partner with host country institutions resources. We immediately realized that as for the purpose of building and testing inter- partners in