U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Rolling Contact Fatigue: A Comprehensive Review Administration Office of Railroad Policy and Development Washington, DC 20590 DOT/FRA/ORD-11/24 Final Report November 2011 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Government, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. The United States Government assumes no liability for the content or use of the material contained in this document. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers‘ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED November 2011 Technical Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Rolling Contact Fatigue: A Comprehensive Review 6. AUTHOR(S) DTFR53-05-H-00203 Eric E. Magel 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Centre for Surface Technology 2320 Lester Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1S2, Canada 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration Office of Railroad Policy and Development DOT/FRA/ORD-11/24 Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Program Manager: Ali Tajaddini 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public through the FRA Web site at http://www.fra.dot.gov. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is a pervasive and insidious problem on all types of railway systems. Although it is a dominant cause of maintenance and replacements on heavy haul rail lines, it is also a significant economic and safety challenge for commuter and metro lines. It is a subject of intense research around the globe, with strong academic research being undertaken in Europe particularly, with more practical work being performed in Australia, South Africa, and North America. The safety implications of RCF include being responsible for about 100 FRA reportable derailments annually in North America. The poster child for hazardous RCF is the Hatfield derailment in the United Kingdom, which incurred four deaths, 39 injuries, and economic fallout easily exceeding GBP1 billion, dismemberment of the railway authority and manslaughter charges against several railway officials. The economic implications of RCF to the North America railway industry for rail replacement alone amounts to over USD300 million annually, with costs of inspection and derailments, as well as damage to track and rolling stock, and derailment costs further increasing that number. Of the USD100+ million dollars spent annually on rail grinding in North America, at least ≥30 percent can be attributed to RCF. A review of the types or RCF defects on wheels and rails, causal mechanisms and monitoring and maintenance practices has been undertaken for the purpose of identifying gaps and the most pressing areas for research and development. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Rolling contact fatigue, RCF, rail gauge corner cracking, wheel tread cracking, monitoring RCF, 132 RCF damage model, friction management, rail grinding 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 i METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm2) 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2) 1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2) 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) (lb) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) [(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 0 1 2 3 4 5 Inches Centimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION °F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° °C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98 ii Acknowledgments The author is extremely grateful to the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration for its financial support of this review through grant DTFR-53-05-H-00203-mod-4. The author would next like to recognize the assistance of many colleagues during the production of this report who supplied technical information, photographs, various supplementary information and cross references. Thanks are due to the following individuals, listed in alphabetical order: Chris Barkan (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL), Bill Bell (CSX, Jacksonville, FL), Li Cheng (Salient Systems, Austin, TX), Mathew Dick (ENSCO, Falls Church, VA), Marty Gearhart (Union Pacific, Omaha, NE), Stuart Grassie (Loram, Germany), Martin Hiensch (DeltaRail, The Netherlands), Cory Hogan (Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), Pueblo, CO), Jude Igwemezie (Applied Rail Research Technologies, Toronto, Canada), Makoto Ishida (Railway Technical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan), Joe Kalousek ([retired] National Research Council Canada), Tyler Kerr (Canadian Pacific Railway, Calgary, Alberta, Canada), Jean Kneale (NRC Canada), Yan Liu (NRC Canada), Francisco Robles-Hernandez (University of Houston, Houston, TX), Michael Roney (Canadian Pacific Railway), Ken Rownd (TTCI), Wolfgang Schoech (Speno, Geneva, Switzerland), Peter Sroba (Sroba Rail Services, Australia), Daniel Szablewski (TTCI), Harry Tournay (TTCI), and Allan Zarembski (Zeta-Tech, Cherry Hill, NJ). Special thanks are extended to Daniel Stone of Hunter Holiday Consulting (Pueblo, CO) and Kevin Sawley of Interfleet (Derbyshire, U.K.), who, more than any others, entertained numerous queries and graciously accepted and responded to or passed along questions related to rail and wheel metallurgy and performance. iii Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 RCF of Wheels and Rails ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1 The International Scope ................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Safety Implications of RCF .............................................................................................. 8 1.2.1 (Rail) Ultrasonic No-Tests ........................................................................................8 1.3 Types of RCF Defects .....................................................................................................