Cost benefit analysis of wetlands resources Uganda. Mid-term report Item Type monograph Publisher Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP) Download date 11/10/2021 01:54:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32939 LAKE VICTORIA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WETLANDS RESOURCES UGANDA MID-TERM REPORT ",/',. \ " /' ' •. ' .. ',J I ' ....t... February 2001 ~. , . f~ ~\Qi· ~ l • .. ~, '" - (. ,.. - ~1!Iroi HASKONING ~~ Consulting Engineers ~@J~CMS and Architects delft hydraulics Cost Benefit Analysis of Wetlands Resources Mid-term Report LAKE VICTORIA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRO\.IECT COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WETLANDS RESOURCES UGANDA MID-TERM REPORT February 2001 Prepared by : TOA, WBB, JMK, H..IR, JTi, BG, JS, FKE Checked by :FKE Approved by : FKE HASKONING Project: F 0152.21 HASKONING-CMS-Delft Hydraulics 15-02-01 Cost Benefit Analysis of Wetlands Resources Mid~term Report TABLE OF CONTENTS page 1. Introduction ..........................•.............•.............•....................................................... 7 1.1 About this report 7 1.2 Data collection and data availability 9 2. Methodology of the Cost Benefit Analysis of wetlands 10 2.1 General approach 10 2.2 Criteria and assumptions '" 10 2.3 Wetland functions and values 11 2.4 Identification process of wetland benefits 14 3. Characteristics of the wetlands in the Pilot Areas 17 3.1 General description 17 3.1.1 Introduction 17 3.1.2 The study area in global and African perspective 17 3.1.3 Sango Bay 18 3.1.4 Ssese Islands 19 3.1.5 Murchison Bay 19 3.1.6 Napoleon Gulf 20 3.1.7 MacDonald/ Berkeley Bay 20 3.2 Administration, legislation and population 21 3.2.1 All Pilot Areas 21 3.2.2 Sango Bay 23 3.2.3 Ssese Islands 24 3.2.4 Murchison Bay 24 3.2.5 Napoleon Gulf 24 3.2.6 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 24 3.3 Geology and soils 25 3.3.1 All Pilot Areas 25 3.3.2 Sango Bay 25 3.3.3 Ssese Islands 26 3.3.4 Murchison Bay 26 3.3.5 Napoleon Gulf 27 3.3.6 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 28 3.4 Climate and hydrology 28 3.4.1 Introduction 28 3.4.2 Methodology 29 3.4.3 Hydrology of Lake Victoria 34 3.4.4 All Pilot Areas 37 3.4.5 Sango Bay 37 3.4.6 Ssese Islands 48 3.4.7 Murchison Bay 48 3.4.8 Napoleon Gulf 48 3.4.9 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 48 3.4.10 Microclimate and wetlands 48 HASKONING-CMS-Delft Hydraulics . 15-02-01 2 Cost Benefit Analysis of Wetlands Resources Mid-term Report 3.5 Flora and fauna 49 3.5.1 All Pilot Areas 49 3.5.2 Sango Bay 50 3.5.3 Ssese Islands 50 3.5.4 Murchison Bay 51 3.5.5 Napoleon Gulf 52 3.5.6 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 52 3.5.7 Medicinal and edible wetland plants 56 3.5.8 Introduction of exotic species 56 3.5.9 Water-borne diseases 60 3.6 Water quality 60 3.6.1 All Pilot Areas 60 3.6.2 Sango Bay 63 3.6.3 Ssese Islands 64 3.6.4 Murchison Bay 64 3.6.5 Napoleon Gulf 67 3.6.6 MacDonalld/ Berkeley Bay 69 3.6.7 Health risks 69 3.7 Economy 71 3.7.1 All Pilot Areas 71 3.7.2 Sango Bay 71 3.7.3 Ssese Islands 73 3.7.4 Murchison Bay 74 3.7.5 Napoleon Gulf 75 3.7.6 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 77 3.8 Threats and disturbances 78 3.8.1 All Pilot Areas 78 3.8.2 Sango Bay 79 3.8.3 Ssese Islands 80 3.8.4 Murchison Bay 80 3.8.5 Napoleon Gulf 81 3.8.6 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 81 4. Classification of wetlands 82 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 Classification criteria 84 4.3 Wetland classes in the Pilot Areas 86 5. Preliminary and Definitive Inventory of wetlands benefits 94 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Preliminary inventory of wetlands benefits 95 5.3 Planning and management activities 98 5.3.1 Institutional background 98 5.3.2 Sango Bay 98 5.3.3 Ssese Islands 99 5.3.4 Murchison Bay 99 5.3.5 Napoleon Gulf 99 5.3.6 MacDonald / Berkeley Bay 99 5.4 Definitive inventory of wetlands benefits 99 HASKONI NG-CMS-Delft Hydraulics 15-02-01 3 Cost Benefit Analysis of Wetlands Resources Mid-term Report 6. Preliminary Cost Benefit Analysis 100 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Features of the economic analysis 100 6.3 Estimation of conversion factors 100 6.4 Assumptions 101 6.5 Preliminary results 101 7. Literature references and bibliography 108 ANNEXES Annex I PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED Annex II ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Annex III SEASONAL RAINFALL REGIMES AROUND LAKE VICTORIA Annex IV LAKE VICTORIA WATER LEVELS (1900 -1982) Annex V HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE: DATA AVAILABILITY Annex VI CALCULATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Annex VII COMMON FLORA AND FAUNA IN THE PILOT AREAS Annex VIII MEDICINAL AND EDIBLE PLANTS Annex IX PROPOSED AND RECOMMENDED DRINKING WATER STANDARDS FOR UGANDA Annex X LEGISLATION RELATED TO WETLANDS TABLES page Table 3.2.1 Total population per district, located adjacent to wetlands or including wetlands, from 1991 to 2001 (based on Census 1991 data). 23 Table 3.4.1 Division of the catchment system. 29 Table 3.4.2 Main features of Lake Victoria (approximat~ values; Crul et aI, 1993). 35 Table 3.4.3 River discharge into Lake Victoria (Crul et aI, 1993). 35 Table 3.4.4 Mean annual rainfall and mean annual evaporation by open-pan method (1956 - 1978; Piper et aI, 1986). 36 Table 3.4.5 Area use differentiated by wetland classification in Sango Bay (GIS database; old values, will be updated in the Final Report). 38 Table 3.4.6 Cropping patterns in Sango Bay. 39 Table 3.4.7 Climatological data for the Sango Bay seasonal wetlands (based on FAO database). 40 Table 3.4.8 Water balance factors of 'dry lands' component in Sango Bay (CropWat). 41 Table 3.4.9 Water balance factors of the riverine wetland component in Sango Bay (CropWat). 44 Table 3.4.10 Water balance factors of the permanent wetland component in Sango Bay (CropWat). 46 Table 3.4.11 Main water balance factors of the three hydrological components in Sango Bay. 48 Table 3.5.1 Fish catch data from three landings in Napoleon Gulf (1997 - 1999; source: Fisheries Dept. Jinja). 54 Table 3.5.2 Fish catch data from four landings in Berkeley Bay (1993 - 1999; source: Fisheries Dept. Busia). 55 HASKONING-CMS-Delft Hydraulics 15-02-01 4 Cost Benefit Analysis of Wetlands Resources Mid-term Report Table 3.5.3 Changes in the cover (in ha) of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria (territory of Uganda; Twongo, 1998). 59 Table 3.6.1 Emission factors for domestic wastewater in the Lake Victoria region (Scheren ef aI, 2000). 61 Table 3.6.2 Selected nutrient export coefficients for the Lake Victoria Region (Scheren ef aI, 2000). 62 Table 3.6.3 Removal rates from BOD, phosphate and nitrate (Smits, 2000). 63 Table 3.6.4 Water quality for Kisoma wetlands (Barugahare ef aI, 2000). 64 Table 3.6.5 Industries draining into the Nakivubo Channel and the chemicals in their effluents (Kansiime & Bugenyi, 1996). 65 Table 3.6.6 Pollutant loads of major flows into Nakivubo wetland (values in kg/d except faecal coliforms, which are in numbers/day; Kansiime & Bugenyi, 1996). 65 Table 3.6.7 Nutrient loads from the upper to the lower Nakivubo wetland (COWl & VKI, 1998). 66 Table 3.6.8 Agricultural P- and N- outputs into crops for Nakivubo Wetland (COWl & VKI, 1998). 66 Table 3.6.9 Clay extraction and natural removal nutrient outputs from Nakivubo wetland (Emerton ef aI, 1999; Kadlec & Knight, 1996). 67 Table 3.6.10 Potential point sources of pollution in the Napoleon Gulf (Kansiime & Bugenyi, 1996). 67 Table 3.6.11 Main point sources of pollution entering the Napoleon Gulf through the sewer system (in kg/yr; Oguttu ef aI, 1998). 68 Table 3.6.12 Survival times of excreted pathogens on crops 20-30 °c (Shuval ef al., 1986). 70 Table 3.8.1 Overview of various Sango Bay wetland uses/ processes that are or may become threats (y = yes; field observations). 79 Table 4.1.1 Typology and characteristics of wetlands that can be found in the study area (Roggeri, 1995). 82 Table 4.3.1 Wetland classes based on a combination of functions/ values, hydrological conditions and dominant vegetation. 85 Table 5.2.1 Wetland benefits per wetland class for each Pilot Area: direct use values. 96 Table 5.2.2 Wetland benefits per wetland class for each Pilot Area: indirect and existence values. 97 Table 6.3.1 Calculation of the Standard Conversion Factor for Uganda. 101 Table 6.5.1 Revenues from cocoyam - sugarcane cropping (urban wetlands). 102 Table 6.5.2 Revenues from staple foodcrops - mixed vegetables - banana cropping (urban wetlands). 102 Table 6.5.3 Revenues from cocoyam - sugarcane harvesting (rural wetlands). 103 Table 6.5.4 Revenues from maize - staple foodcrops - leguminous crops harvesting (rural wetlands: MacDonald/ Berkeley Bay). 103 Table 6.5.5 Revenues from rice harvesting (rural wetlands: MacDonald/ Berkeley Bay). 104 Table 6.5.6 Revenues from staple foodcrops - mixed vegetables - banana (rural wetlands: Sango Bay). 104 Table 6.5.7 Revenues from Papyrus harvesting (urban wetlands). 105 Table 6.5.8 Revenues from Papyrus harvesting (rural wetlands). 105 Table 6.5.9 Revenues from brick making (urban wetlands).