IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY’S EXPERIENCES WITH CENTERIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Military History by JONATHAN E. SCHRADER, MAJ, USA B.A., Utica College of Syracuse University, 1994 Fort Leavenworth, KS 2007 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202- 4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 15-06-2007 Master’s Thesis Aug 2006 - Jun 2007 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY’S EXPERIENCES WITH CENTERIFUGAL 5b. GRANT NUMBER AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Schrader, Jonathan E., MAJ 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT U.S. Army Command and General Staff College NUMBER ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD 1 Reynolds Ave. Ft. Leavenworth, KS 66027-1352 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This thesis examines how the Iroquois Confederacy dealt with the centrifugal and centripetal forces it experienced in its over 300 year existence. Chapter one outlines an overall introduction to the subject. It also shows how important both centrifugal and centripetal forces were in influencing the Confederacy’s Center of Gravity (CoG). Chapter two tells how both centrifugal and centripetal forces worked within the Confederacy prior to the end of the French and Indian War (1763). Prior to 1763, centripetal forces acted as the dominant forces. Chapter three describes the changes that occurred between the two forces after 1763. Chapter four provides conclusions that explain the changes in dominance between the two forces. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Iroquois, Iroquoia, American Revolution, New York, Centripetal Force, Centrifugal Force, French and Indian War, Center of Gravity (CoG) 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area 100 code) Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU Standard Form 298 (Rev . 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: MAJ Jonathan E. Schrader Thesis Title: Iroquois Confederacy’s Experiences with Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces: A Historical Analysis Approved by: ___________________________________________, Thesis Committee Chair Joseph R. Fischer, Ph.D. ___________________________________________, Member Richard V. Barbuto, Ph.D. ___________________________________________, Member Wilburn E. Meador, M.A. Accepted this 15th day of June 2007 by: _________________________________________, Director, Graduate Degree Programs Robert F. Baumann, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement) ii ABSTRACT IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY’S EXPERIENCES WITH CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS, by MAJ Jonathan E. Schrader, 91 pages This thesis examines how the Iroquois Confederacy dealt with the centrifugal and centripetal forces it experienced in its over 300 year existence. Chapter 1 outlines an overall introduction to the subject. It also shows how important both centrifugal and centripetal forces were in influencing the Confederacy’s Center of Gravity (CoG). Chapter 2 tells how both centrifugal and centripetal forces worked within the Confederacy prior to the end of the French and Indian War (1763). Prior to 1763, centripetal forces acted as the dominant forces. Chapter 3 describes the changes that occurred between the two forces after 1763. Chapter 4 provides conclusions that explain the changes in dominance between the two forces. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First I would like to thank my parents, Edward and Bertha Anne Schrader for providing me the educational foundation and the desire to continue to learn, no matter at what age. I also thank them for teaching me to never settle for anything less. I am indebted to my thesis committee, Dr. Joseph R. Fischer, Dr. Richard V. Barbuto, and Mr. Wilburn E. Meador. I am indebted for their time, guidance, and knowledge they provided me in developing my ideas into this thesis. Also thank you for your dedication. I also would like to thank Ms. Helen Davis who took great time and effort to help me review and prepare my thesis. Lastly, I would like to thank the librarians and archivists of the Combined Arms Research Library, the New York State Archives and the Hamilton College Archives for their valuable assistance with my research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE ............. ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................... iv ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2. CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES IN IROQUOIA PRIOR TO 1763 .....................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 3. CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES IN IROQUOIA AFTER 1763..............................................................................................44 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................83 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................89 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ......................................................................................92 CERTIFICATION FOR MMAS DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT .................................93 v ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. The Iroquois Longhouse ....................................................................................3 Figure 2. The Iroquois Confederacy, Located in Present Day New York State ...............6 Figure 3. Painting Entitled The Oneidas at the Battle of Oriskany - August 6, 1777.......9 Figure 4. The Iroquois Confederacy prior to 1710..........................................................16 Figure 5. Hiawatha’s Wampum Belt...............................................................................25 Figure 6. Map of Iroquoia Located Directly Between the French and British Colonies 37 Figure 7. The Iroquois Confederacy Circa 1763.............................................................45 Figure 8. Bust of Mary “Molly” Brant, Koñwatsiãtsiaiéñni ...........................................50 Figure 9. Joseph Brant, Thayendanega ...........................................................................52 Figure 10. Samuel Kirkland by Augustus Rockwell.........................................................60 Figure 11. Sir William Johnson, British Commissary for Indian Affairs .........................62 Figure 12. The Council Fire at Johnson Hall ....................................................................64 Figure 13. Sullivan’s Campaign through Iroquoia Route .................................................76 Figure 14. Remaining Iroquois Communities after the Revolution ..................................78 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION As one of the most powerful Native American political-governmental organizations, the Iroquois Confederacy played a dominant role in northeastern North American affairs. From the early 1600s to 1779, France, Britain and the Netherlands understood that they had to deal with this powerful governmental body in order to attain their ambitions in North America. During this time, these nations dealt with the Confederacy through all forms of national power, such as diplomatic, informational, economic, and militarily (DIME). At its height, the Confederacy came to dominate its neighbors from their lands hundreds of miles away. The Iroquois also