Waris Grammar Sketch Grammar Sketch Final Draft Bob Brown June 1990 Final Draft (Corrected from consultant notes) Table of Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Waris Language ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 The Classification of Waris. ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 The name of the Waris language. ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.3 The Orthography Used in this Paper ............................................................................................ 2 1.1.4 The Salient Features of Waris Grammar ...................................................................................... 2 1.1.5 This Grammar Sketch ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 3 2 Word Classes and Word-level Constructions ...................................................... 4 2.1 Particles ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Adverbs ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Time Adverbs ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.1 Time Adverbial Phrases .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Manner Adverbs ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Locative Adverbs ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.4 Interrogative Adverbs ................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.5 Derived Adverbs ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.6 Adverbs Forming Derived Stems. .............................................................................................. 15 2.3 Nominals ....................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Kin Terms ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Human Nouns ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.3.3 Proper Nouns .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.3.4 Personal Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.5 Common Nouns .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.6 Personal Pronouns ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.7 Demonstrative Pronouns ............................................................................................................. 19 2.3.8 Interrogative Pronouns ............................................................................................................... 20 2.3.9 Quantifiers .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.10 Adjectives ................................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.11 Demonstratives ........................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.12 Chart of Nominal Properties ....................................................................................................... 23 2.3.13 Noun Classification .................................................................................................................... 25 ii 2.4 Compound and Derived Stems ..................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Compounding two noun stems ................................................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Determiner plus Determined Constructions ............................................................................... 26 2.4.3 Independent stem plus dependent stem ...................................................................................... 27 2.4.4 The Function of -l ....................................................................................................................... 31 2.5 Verbs ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.5.1 Noun Incorporation in Verbs ...................................................................................................... 32 3 Noun Phrases ...................................................................................................... 33 3.1 NP Constituents and Order ........................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 The Minimal NP ......................................................................................................................... 34 3.1.2 NP with Adjective ...................................................................................................................... 38 3.2 Coordination of NPs ...................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Coordination by the Comitative Marker .................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Coordination by the Genitive Case Marker ............................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Coordination by -e ...................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.4 Lists with the Verb 'to do' .......................................................................................................... 39 3.2.5 Coordination of Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 40 3.2.6 Pronominal Copy ........................................................................................................................ 40 3.3 Case Marking of NP ...................................................................................................... 40 3.3.1 Details of Case Marking ............................................................................................................. 44 3.3.2 Wide Distribution of Goal Marking ........................................................................................... 45 3.4 Topic Marking of NP .................................................................................................... 47 4 The Verb Phrase ................................................................................................. 48 4.1 Pre-Core Positions ......................................................................................................... 49 4.1.1 Subject Number .......................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.2 Number of Things Carried ......................................................................................................... 50 4.1.3 Number of People Accompanied ................................................................................................ 50 4.1.4 Noun-Classifying Verb Prefixes ................................................................................................. 51 4.1.4.1 Existential Verbs ......................................................................................................................... 52 4.1.5 Location ...................................................................................................................................... 54 4.2 Post-Core Positions ....................................................................................................... 55 4.2.1 Non-singular Direct Object ........................................................................................................ 55 4.2.2 Benefactive or Recipient Number .............................................................................................. 58 iii 4.2.2.1 Subject Number Neutralization with the Benefactive .................................................................. 59 4.2.3 Manner ........................................................................................................................................ 59 4.2.4 Tense-Mode-Aspect .................................................................................................................... 62