This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Josué de Castro’s Geografia Combatente and the political ecology of hunger Davies, Archie Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. 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Oct. 2021 Josué de Castro’s Geografia Combatente and the political ecology of hunger Archie Davies PhD in Geography at King’s College London April 2019 2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 5 NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS AND REFERENCING .................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION: A COMBATANT GEOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 8 A. ARCHIVES AND CANONIZATION .................................................................................................................. 12 B. BIOGRAPHY IN GEOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 19 C. ANTI-COLONIAL GEOGRAPHY AND TRANSLATION ..................................................................................... 23 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER ONE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HUNGER AS RADICAL, METABOLIC HUMANISM ...... 33 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 33 A. 1930S: FROM ANTROPOFAGIA TO NUTRITION ......................................................................................... 38 B. 1940S: FROM NUTRITION TO LAND ......................................................................................................... 47 C. HUNGER AND HUMANISM ............................................................................................................................ 56 D. SPACE AND THE BODY ................................................................................................................................. 63 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER TWO: RECIFE, CITY OF MANGROVES ................................................................................ 71 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 71 A. REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY: INFRASTRUCTURE, MANGROVES AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF HUNGER ............... 75 B. AMPHIBIOUS LANDSCAPE ........................................................................................................................... 80 C. CARTOGRAPHY AND INFRASTRUCTURE ..................................................................................................... 84 D. ATERRAMENTO ............................................................................................................................................ 90 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 100 CHAPTER THREE: THE MANY LIVES OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF HUNGER ................................ 103 3 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 103 A. TRAVELLING THEORY ............................................................................................................................... 103 B. PUBLICATION: EDITIONS, PREFACES, SUBTITLES, MAPS AND PUBLISHERS ......................................... 107 C. TRANSLATION ............................................................................................................................................ 113 D. GEOGRAPHIES OF RECEPTION .................................................................................................................. 117 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 129 CHAPTER FOUR: SPACE, POLITICS AND NATURE IN THE NORTHEAST, 1955-64 ............... 131 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 131 A. CASTRO’S NORTHEAST: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF HUNGER .......................... 137 B. THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF A CONTESTED REGION ....................................................................... 141 C. THE STRUGGLE FOR SUDENE: PRAXIS AND THEORY OF THE UNDERDEVELOPED REGION .................. 149 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 163 CHAPTER FIVE: THE QUESTION OF THE INTELLECTUAL: REGION, NATION, EXILE ........... 166 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 166 A. THE REGIONAL-NATIONAL INTELLECTUAL: 1952-64 .......................................................................... 170 B. THE NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL: 1960-1964: SUBALTERN GEOPOLITICS AND GLOBALISMS .................................................................................................................................................. 178 C. THE EXILED INTELLECTUAL, 1964-1968: PEACE AND INTERNATIONALISM ...................................... 185 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 192 CHAPTER SIX: READING FRAGMENTS: THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ANTI- COLONIALISM ............................................................................................................................................ 195 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 195 A. VINCENNES 1968-73: PEDAGOGY AND PRACTICE ................................................................................. 199 B. VINCENNES 1968-73: RESEARCH, THE AMAZON AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION .......................... 205 C. STOCKHOLM 1972: UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTALISM ................... 211 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 218 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 220 APPENDIXES ............................................................................................................................................... 227 4 TIMELINE OF JOSUÉ DE CASTRO’S LIFE ........................................................................................................ 227 FIRST EDITIONS OF MAJOR PUBLICATIONS IN BRAZIL: .............................................................................. 229 WORKS PUBLISHED IN TRANSLATION AND ORIGINAL WORKS PUBLISHED OUTSIDE BRAZIL(*) ............ 230 COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 235 ARCHIVAL SOURCES ....................................................................................................................................... 295 ADDITIONAL SOURCES .................................................................................................................................. 304 LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................................