The Cambridge Encyclopedia of HUNTERS AND GATHERERS Edited by RICHARD B. LEE AND RICHARD DALY The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http:///www.cambridge.org © Richard B. Lee and Richard Daly 1999 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1999 Reprinted 2001, 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Minion (Adobe) 10/12.5pt System QuarkXPress® [] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library ofCongress cataloguing in publication data The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers / edited by Richard B. Lee and Richard H. Daly. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0 521 57109 X 1. Hunting and gathering societies – Encyclopedias. I. Lee, Richard B., 1937–. II. Daly, Richard Heywood, 1942–. GN388.C35 1999 306.3′64′03 – dc2198-38671CIP ISBN 0 52157109X hardback CONTENTS List ofillustrations page viii I.II.2 Archaeology 86 List ofmaps x . List oftables xi I.II.3 Aché 92 Foreword xiii . Acknowledgments xv I.II.4 Cuiva 97 List ofcontributors xvi I.II.5 Huaorani 101 Introduction: foragers and others 1 . . I.II.6 Sirionó 105 Part I Ethnographies I.II.7 Toba 110 I.I NORTH AMERICA I.II.8 Yamana 114 . I.I.1Introduction: North America 23 . I.III NORTH EURASIA I.I.2 Archaeology 31 I.III.1 Introduction: North Eurasia 119 I.I.3 Blackfoot/Plains 36 . , . Addendum: I.I.4 James Bay Cree 41 I.III.2 Archaeology 127 . . I.I.5 Slavey Dene 46 I.III.3 Ainu 132 . I.I.6 Innu 51 I.III.4 Chukchi and Yupik 137 . I.I.7 Caribou Inuit 56 I.III.5 Evenki 142 . . . I.I.8 Inupiat 61 I.III.6 Itenm’i 147 . I.I.9 Timbisha Shoshone 66 I.III.7 Iukagir 152 . . I.I.10 Witsuwit’en and Gitxsan 71 I.III.8 Ket 156 . I.III.9 Khanti 161 . , I.II SOUTH AMERICA , I.II.1Introduction: South America 77 I.III.10 Nia (Nganasan) 166 . . vi Contents I.III.11 Nivkh 170 I.VI.2 Archaeology 284 I.VI.3 Agta 289 . I.IV AFRICA . I.IV.1Introduction: Africa 175 I.VI.4 Batak 294 . . I.IV.2 Archaeology 185 I.VI.5 Batek 298 I.IV.3 Aka Pygmies 190 I.VI.6 Dulong 303 I.IV.4 /Gui and //Gana 195 I.VI.7 Jahai 307 . I.IV.5 Hadza 200 I.VI.8 Western Penan 312 . I.IV.6 Ju/’hoansi 205 -// I.VII AUSTRALIA I.IV.7 Mbuti 210 I.VII.1Introduction: Australia 317 I.IV.8 Mikea 215 . , - I.VII.2 Archaeology 324 . I.IV.9 Okiek 220 I.VII.3 Arrernte 329 . I.IV.10 Tyua 225 I.VII.4 Cape York peoples 335 . . I.VII.5 Kimberley peoples 339 I.V SOUTH ASIA I.VII.6 Ngarrindjeri 343 I.V.1Introduction: South Asia 231 - I.VII.7 Pintupi 348 I.V.2 Archaeology 238 . I.VII.8 Tiwi 353 I.V.3 Andaman Islanders 243 . I.VII.9 Torres Strait Islanders 358 I.V.4 Birhor 248 . I.VII.10 Warlpiri 363 I.V.5 Chenchu 252 I.VII.11 Yolngu 367 I.V.6 Nayaka 257 - I.V.7 Paliyan 261 . Part II Special topic essays I.V.8 Hill Pandaram 265 II.I HUNTER-GATHERERS, HISTORY,AND SOCIAL THEORY I.V.9 Wanniyala-aetto 269 II.I.1Images of hunters and gatherers in 375 European social thought I.VI SOUTHEAST ASIA II.I.2 Archaeology and evolution of hunters and 384 I.VI.1Introduction: Southeast Asia 275 gatherers . Contents II.I.3 Hunter-gatherers and the mythology of the 391 II.II.5 Traditional and modern visual art of 441 market hunting and gathering peoples II.I.4 On the social relations of the hunter- 399 II.II.6 Hunter-gatherers and human health 449 gatherer band . . II.II FACETS OF HUNTER-GATHERER LIFE IN II.III HUNTER-GATHERERS IN A GLOBAL CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE WORLD II.II.1Gender relations in hunter-gatherer 411 II.III.1The Tasaday controversy 457 societies . . II.III.2 Hunter-gatherers and the colonial 465 II.II.2 Ecological/cosmological knowledge and 419 encounter land management among hunter-gatherers . . II.III.3 Hunter-gatherer peoples and nation-states 473 . . II.II.3 From totemism to shamanism: hunter- 426 II.III.4 Indigenous peoples’ rights and the struggle 480 gatherer contributions to world mythology for survival and spirituality . II.III.5 Indigenous peoples’ organizations and 487 II.II.4 From primitive to pop: foraging and post- 434 advocacy groups foraging hunter-gatherer music Index 493 viii ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Late nineteenth-century Plains Cree family page 37 22. A Toba schoolteacher on a hunting trip, 1990 110 2. James Bay Cree, Ms. Emily Saganash stretches 41 23. Toba woman pounding algarroba pods during 111 the pelt of a summer beaver, 1979 the ripening season, 1991 3. The winter camp of Mr. Philip Saganash and 42 24. Yamana conical log dwelling and its occupants, 115 his brothers, c. 1990 1882–3 4. Slavey Dene boys at Fort Providence 46 25. Ouchpoukate Kerenentsis and his two wives, 116 5. At the Dene National Assembly in Fort 47 1882–3 Franklin, March 1978, the Dene demand to be 26. Fishing was a core feature of traditional Ainu 133 recognized as the “Dene Nation” foraging life 6. The entire Innu population of the Mingan 52 27. The bear festival, iyomante, the most important 134 band, photographed about 1895 Ainu ritual 7. Innus from the interior, photographed at the 52 28. Partial view of Novoe Chaplino, July 1990 138 Sept-Iles mission, summer 1924 29. Chukchi sea mammal hunter, Timofei 138 8. Caribou Inuit preparing to leave the trading 57 Gematagin. Ianrakynnot, July, 1990 post at Eskimo Point (Arviat) for camp inland, 30. An argish (caravan) of the Number One 143 winter 1938. Reindeer Brigade moving to their central 9. Tony Ataatsiaq repairing a small snow house 57 pastures built on the sea ice for overnight shelter, west 31. Neru Khutukagir, a veteran Evenki reindeer 144 coast of Hudson Bay, April 14, 1989 herder, poses with his sons in front of his home 10. Inupiat hunters hunting sheep in the Brooks 62 in the settlement Khantaiskoe Ozero Range, winter 1959 32. An Itenm’i girl dressed traditionally for 147 11. Village of Kaktovik, late 1950s 62 Alkhalalai, Kovran Village, September 1992 12. Overview of Death Valley, California 68 33. An Itenm’i storage house, pile-construction, 148 13. Timbisha village, near Furnace Creek, Death 69 Kovran village, September 1992 Valley 34. A Ket woman processing fish at Niakol’da Lake, 157 14. Gitxsan sockeye salmon fishers use a modern 72 1990s beach seine at a Lax Xskiik (Eagle) clan fishing 35. Ket husband and wife going hunting by sled 158 site on the Skeena River, 1997 and travois, near Kellog village 15. Margaret Austin of the Gitxsan Lax Gibuu 73 36. A Khanti mother and children preparing to 162 (Wolf Clan), Wilps Spookw travel by reindeer sleigh 16. An Aché woman extracting palm fiber, 1982 93 37. A Khanti woman in traditional winter dress, 163 17. An Aché man hunting white-lipped peccaries 93 near a bread oven signals the direction the herd is moving, 1981 38. Dmitrii Somenko at work on a Nivkh dugout 170 18. A Huaorani mother singing and weaving, 1989 102 canoe in the central Sakhalin village of 19. Huaorani husband and wife hunting monkeys, 102 Chir-Unvd, 1990 1982 39. Delivering the winter mails outside Chaivo on 171 20. Sirionó school children in the plaza of Ibiato, 106 Sakhalin’s east coast, 1955 in assembly to commemorate Bolivian 40. Enkapune Ya Muto rock shelter, Kenya 188 Independence Day on August 6, 1993 41. An Aka camp: huts are built under the trees, in 191 21. Don Chiro Cuellar, a Sirionó elder (ererékwa), 106 the middle of the undergrowth (rainy season, inspects the flower of the Tabebuia genus of trees August 1976) List ofillustrations 42. Mask of an Aka ancestor soul 192 talks to his son at home in Kotabakinne, Uva 43. Roasting Tylosema esculentum nuts 196 Province, 1992 44. Preparing for a /Gui-//Gana hunting and 197 70. A Wanniyala-aetto mother cuts and binds 270 gathering trip grass for roof thatch, 1996 45. A Hadza hunter carrying meat back to camp, 200 71. Blos River Agta families, Isabela Province, 290 1981 Eastern Luzon, 1982 46. Hadza women roast roots on a root-digging 201 72. Agta woman spearing fish, Malibu River, 291 expedition Cagayan Province, Eastern Luzon, 1981 47. A group of Ju/’hoansi women socializing while 206 73. Collecting wild honey 294 preparing to leave on a day’s gathering trip 74. A Batak girl helps her family move its 295 from Dobe, Botswana, winter 1964 possessions from one forest camp to another 48. A group of young adults converse at one of the 207 75. Three Batek men singe the hair off a gibbon, 299 residential compounds of Baraka, 1981 headquarters of the Nyae Nyae Farmers’ 76. A couple, together with their son and niece, 300 Cooperative, Otjozondjupa district, Namibia, prepare to raft rattan downstream to traders, winter 1996 1975 49.