Terminology Geol373 Petroleum Hydrocarbons (mostly H, C, bits of S, N, 0) Gas Natural Gas What is Petroleum? Condensate Liquids Oil, Crude oil Plastic Asphalt, Tar Solids Kerogen- Insoluble in organic solvents Bitumen-Soluble Coal Units Natural Gas Liquid Volume: Chains of 1 to 4 Carbons 1 oil barrel= 42 gallons =0.15 m3 (in Europe) Giant Oil field > 500 Million barrels (75 million m3) CH4 - Methane Gas Volume: C2H6 -Ethane Thousand cubic feet of gas (Mcf) C3H8 - Propane Million cubic feet of gas (MMcf) Billion cubic feet of gas (Bcf) C4H10 – Butane Trillion cubic feet of gas (Tcf) Plus sometimes non-hydrocarbon gases: Flow rates • He, Ar, Kr, Radon, N2, O2, CO2, H2, H2S Barrels of oil per day (BOD) Thousand cubic feet of gas per day (McfD) Good Gas and Bad Gas Good Bad He Radon- radioactive Ar H2S- poison, corrosive CO2 (?) Sources: He, Radon, Ar - radioactive decay of U, K CO2 - thermal maturation of bitumen, Limestone breakdown, bacterial metabolism H2S – bacterial metabolism, breakdown of evaporates (salt) Isomer Natural Gas Energy Equivalence Paraffins (Alkanes) Methane 1 Barrel of Oil = 6000 Cubic Feet of Gas (approx) Saturated Chains Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) • Methane Ethane • Cool to -160oC, compress it Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) • Propane (60%)+ Butane (40%) • Compressed 250:1 Propane Comparison of Oil Oil Price and Gas-equivalent Price 160 At $3.0/Mcf, 140 6 Mcf= $18 120 100 80 60 PricePer Barrel or Mcf ($) 40 20 0 Jul-1995 Jul-2006 Jan-1990 Jan-2001 Jan-2012 Jun-1996 Jun-2007 Oct-1992 Oct-2003 Oct-2014 Sep-1993 Feb-2000 Sep-2004 Feb-2011 Apr-1998 Apr-2009 Dec-1990 Dec-2001 Dec-2012 Mar-1999 Mar-2010 Nov-1991 Aug-1994 Nov-2002 Aug-2005 Nov-2013 May-1997 May-2008 Oil Price (WTI) Natural Gas Welhead Price Natrual Gas Oil-Equivalent Price EIA data Economics of Natural Gas Crude Oil Abundant Mix of hydrocarbons of different types Cleanest of fossil fuels • 30% Paraffins- Chains Hard to transport: need a pipeline or LNG facility • 50 % Naphtenes- Single bond rings Economics of natural gas are local, not global • 15 % Aromatics – Double bond rings • 5 % Asphaltics- Include impurities (N, S, O) Paraffins Naphetenes (Cycloparaffins) (Alkanes) Rings with single bonds Most common HC in crude oil (~40%) C1 to C80 chains Millions of possible branched chains Usually liquids C5 - Cyclopentane C1-C4 Gases C6 - Cyclohexane C5-C14 Liquids >C15 Solid Waxy C5-C8 in gasoline Octane rating: equivalent iso-octane/heptane ratio Aromatics Unsaturated rings Heavy Hydrocarbons Tar Based on benzene Medium length chains (C11-C18) • Thicker liquids High octane rating • Kerosene Concentrate in heavy oil • Diesel Long chains (C19- >40) Carcinogenic • Viscous to solid Benzene • Motor oil • Tar Asphaltics • Impurities- O, N, S • S 0.1 - 4% (sour oil) • Pollution and Acid rain Toluene Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Average Crude 35 API distillery 250oF Weight % 370oF Paraffin 25% 500oF Naphtene 50% Aromatic 17% 680oF Asphaltic 8% 980oF Cracking of Hydrocarbon Chains Shell Ethane Cracker Plant in PA Ten Carbon Chain Ethane to ethylene, polyethylene, etc Fibers, plastic food containers, engine coolants, anti-freeze API Gravity API Gravity Condensate >55o API Gravity= (141.5(ρoil/ρwater) -131.5 o o Light Crude > 31.1 ρ water , ρoil= density at 60 F Intermediate 31.1o – 22.3o Heavy 10o - 22.3o 10oAPI= Specific gravity of water Extra Heavy <10o Low API = High Density, high viscosity West Texas Intermediate = 39.6 API High API = Low Density, low viscosity Brent Crude = 38 API Typical Crude 35o API Crude Vol. % API Density Viscosity Reading for next time g/cm3 millipoise Gasoline 27% 60 0.74 6 (C5-C10) Subsurface Environment Kerosene 13% 50 0.78 20 Ch. 4 Selley (C11-C13) Ecampus Quiz closes on Sunday at 9 PM Diesel (C14-C18) 12% 45 0.79 100 Heavy Gas Oil 10% (C19-C25) Lubricating Oil 20% 30 0.85 500 (C26-C40) Residuum 18% 10 1 >105 (>C40).