Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 44140 Date: January 2016 TA 7566-REG: Strengthening and Use of Country Safeguard Systems Subproject: Preparation of Pollution Control Strategy and Action Plan (Nepal) COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS–NEPAL, 2015 Prepared by ADB Consultant Team This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS NEPAL 2015 Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics ii | Compendium of Environment Statistics Nepal 2015 COMPENDIUM OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS NEPAL 2015 Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Published by Government of Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics P.O. Box: 11031 Ramshah Path, Thapathali Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4245946, 4245947, 4245948 Fax: 977-1-4227720 E-mail:[email protected] Website: www.cbs.gov.np ISBN: 978-9937-0-0443-5 Design and Processed: Print Communication Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Printed in Nepal January, 2016 (500 Copies) Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of CBS Financial support for this publication: Asian Development Bank Nepal Resident Mission, Kathmandu Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Message It is my pleasure to note that the Compendium of Environment Statistics Nepal 2015 has come out with the guidelines of the United Nation Framework for the Develop- ment of Environment Statistics having useful data sets and analysis. Indeed, the Report is an intellectual contribution to the analysis of environment statistics of Nepal. As the country is committed to the Post 2015 global development agenda, that is achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this Compendium could be importance source of information to the indicators related to some of the SDGs set. Environmental data and information play a key role in the preparation and implementation of plans, policies, programmes and projects in Nepal. This analytical re- port provides a comprehensive picture of the environmental situation of the country and provides an important instrument for policy integration and informed decision making. On behalf of the National Planning Commission, I would like to extend my sin- cere thanks to Central Bureau of Statistics and all those who have contributed directly and indirectly in the preparation of this report. January, 2016 Dr. Yuba Raj Khatiwada Vice-Chairman | v Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Foreword Environment is the cross cutting issue and play an integral role in achieving sustainable de- velopment objectives. The Compendium of Environment Statistics aims to serve as reference material for policy makers and professionals of the fields of environment to increase aware- ness and knowledge of the environmental situation of the country. The need for improve- ments in the field of data and statistics to monitor progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the associated need for statistical capacity building in developing coun- tries have been highly recognized. The environmental problems in Nepal are as diverse as its geography and climate. Pri- orities in addressing those problems in development planning have changed as new evidence emerged over time. The Government of Nepal has accorded high priority to environmental problems because they have profound impact on the livelihood of the millions of people who depend on ecosystem services. The government has formulated policies, strategies and programmes in each of its periodic plan to see that environmental problems are addressed. The Compendium of Environment Statistics Nepal 2015 provides a wealth of infor- mation and analysis on environmental situation of Nepal. Nepal is committed in the Post 2015 Development Agenda and SDGs. This analytical report of the environment statistics of Nepal can be used by the government and other development stakeholders to formulate policies and programs. I would like to thank the Central Bureau of Statistics, the authors as well as the mem- bers of the Technical Committee and many others who in various ways contributed in the preparation of the Report. January, 2016 Suresh Man Shrestha Secretary vi | Preface The eradication of poverty and the assurance of environmental sustainability are today’s greatest challenges. The concept of sustainable development introduces concrete measures to bring these ambitions into balance and intends to promote sustainable development for the benefit of current and future generations. The development of Environment Statistics is still at infancy stage in Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) first published a compendium on Environment Statistics in 1994 which provided valuable insights into the importance and usefulness of the subject matter. ‘A Compendium on Environment Statistics 1998 Nepal’ was brought as second publication with an attempt to analyze available data on various aspect of the environment of Nepal. This present publication “Compendium of Environment Statistics Nepal 2015” is the third in series of the publication of the Environmental Compendium. It is not only the updated version of the previous work but an enhanced effort to present available data and textual description and analysis on various aspects of Environment as well. In this publica- tion detail analytical articles are contained as contributed by the experts of environment re- lated field. This publication, by and large has followed the presentation scheme of the United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (UNFDES). Hope, this type of presentation of environment statistics in a single compendium may prove to be highly useful for environment management, planning, policy purposes and research works. I would like to express my gratitude to all the authors who have contributed chapters of this compendium. I am grateful to Mr. Bikash Bista, the then Director General for his valuable comment in the whole phase of the program. I would like to thank Dr. Rudra Suwal, Deputy Director General of the bureau for overall guidance to bring out this publication. Mr. Sushil Kumar Sharma, Director, Environment Statistics Section deserves special thanks for shoulder- ing the responsibility to accomplish the whole tasks of the compilation and bringing out this publication in time. Similarly, I would like to thank Mr. Dhundi Raj Lamichhane, Director of the Environment Statistics Section for his contribution on this publication. Statistical Of- ficers Mr. Manohar Ghimire and Mr. Tulsi Prasad Paudel and Statistical Assistant Mr. Govinda Dumre are also thankful for their sincere involvement in the compilation of this publication. Similarly, Asian Development Bank deserves our special appreciation to providing fund for printing and to bring this publication in this form. Finally, I would like to request all users to provide invaluable suggestions and comments that would be useful for further improvement in the future publications of these kinds. January, 2016 Suman Raj Aryal Director General Central Bureau of Statistics | vii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Development of Environment Statistics in Nepal 1 CHAPTER 2 Sustainable Development through Integrated Rural Settlement Plan in Nepal 13 CHAPTER 3 Social and Demographic Issues 25 CHAPTER 4 Climatic Extremities in Nepal 41 CHAPTER 5 Land and Soil 47 CHAPTER 6 Water 69 CHAPTER 7 Biological Resources 85 CHAPTER 8 Solid Waste Management: Status and Challenges in Nepal 101 CHAPTER 9 Human Settlement Situation in Nepal 111 CHAPTER 10 Disaster Management System in Nepal: Time for Policy to Action 145 Glossary 167 viii | Abbreviation ADB Asian Development Bank AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Centre APF Armed Police Force BCN Bird Conservation Nepal CBD Convention on Biodiversity CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CDAF Central Disaster Aid Fund CDRC Central Disaster Relief Committee CEA Classifications of Environmental Activities CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Spices of Wild Fauna and Flora CPC Central Product Classification DDC District Development Committees DDRC District Disaster Relief Committees DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology DoF Department of Forest DPSRF Driving –Force-Pressure-State-Response Framework DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EIA Environment Impact Assessment ENPHO Environment & Public Health Organization FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrollment Ratio GHG Green House Gas GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood GoN Government of Nepal GTF Global Tiger Forum HFA Hyogo Framework for Action ICD International Classification of Diseases ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change ISIC International standard Industrial Classification Of All Activities ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement IUCN International Union for the conservation of Nature LAPA Local Adaptation Programme of Action LCCS Land Cover Classification System LDMC Local Disaster Management Committee LDRC Local Disaster Relief Committee LRMP Land Resource Mapping Project MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEAs Multilateral Environment Agreements MFA Material Flow Accounts MoF Ministry