An assessment of the destruction and rehabilitation of libraries during a period of armed conflict: a case study of Iraq’s Libraries 2003- Farzana Qureshi A dissertation submitted to the University of Wales in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Magister in Scientia Economica (MSc) under Alternative Regulations Department of Information Studies University of Wales Aberystwyth 2009 Abstract As part of cultural genocide, the destruction of books and libraries has prevailed for many centuries. The written word can be described as an extension of our imagination, which supports the notion that a book is something far greater than just a physical object. Books are connected to the memory of society, its people and their identity. It can be argued that if we fail to remember what we are, then we don’t really know who we are. Recorded history has suggested that the literal murder of books has been spurred on through political and religious wars, with an ulterior motive to completely eradicate a particular society. This dissertation conducts a case study of Iraq and the ways in which professional library and information bodies collaborated, to respond to libraries damaged during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. After the US/UK led invasion in 2003 the destruction of libraries took place through bombings and planned arsonist attacks. This inevitably forced certain groups of people to be slowly wiped out forever. The study investigates the damage to the library collections and how this contributed to the genocide of Iraq’s rich cultural heritage. With these thoughts in mind, Iraq had to face the prospect of rebuilding its libraries and collections in most cases, from scratch. Both the destruction and rehabilitation stage of the project, are examined in detail. These findings can be used as a benchmark for future periods of library annihilation. The study merges together subjects that include memory, the destruction of libraries and their relation to identity and the power of the written word. 2 Contents 1. Introduction Background………………………………………..………….……….…8 Outline of research question……………………...……………………...11 2. Literature review ………………………………..……………………….12 3. Research methodology …………………………………………………20 Interviews…………………………………………………………….…..20 Sampling…………………………………………………………………22 4. Findings: An historical understanding of the destruction of libraries and books .............................................................................24 Nazi Germany: National Identity and Book Burning 1939- 1945……….25 Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge: erasing ‘Western Imperialism’ through culture and literature……………………………………………………………..27 Ethnic cleansing: wiping out a peoples memory in former Yugoslavia…28 The Taliban and religious extremism causing destruction for Afghanistan’s libraries, books and knowledge…………………………………..30 5. Analysis and Discussion of Findings 5.1 How did the global Library community prepare for the likely damage to Iraq’s libraries following the invasion in 2003?......................................................33 The International Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS) & United Nations Education and Scientific Committee (UNESCO)………………………………………..35 The Chartered Institute for Library and Information Professionals (CILIP).........36 The British library (BL)………………………………………………………….38 3 International Federation of the Library Association (IFLA)………………….…39 5.2 Observation reports: the initial damage and destruction to Iraq’s libraries and cultural heritage……………………………………………..………….41 Iraq Manuscript Collections, Archives & Libraries Situation Report……………………………………………………………………..……..……....41 Assessment of Iraqi Cultural Heritage, Libraries and Archives…………………………44 Opening the doors: Intellectual Life and Academic Conditions in Post- War Baghdad…………………...……………………………………………………………..47 The Iraqi Jewish Archive Preservation Report…………………………………………..50 The Library of Congress and the Cultural Property Office of the US Department of State. mission to Baghdad……………………………...............................................................51 5.3 The rehabilitation process: rebuilding Iraq’s Libraries ………………………..55 Book Donations……………………………………………….…………………...……57 The Iraq National Library Archive……….………………………..................................59 6. Conclusion.……………………………………………..…………………………….65 Review of findings ……………………………………………………....65 Rebuilding stage………………………………………………………….67 References to Cited Works …………………………………………………………......69 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….....74 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………………...76 4 ‘This day will be always remembered, as the day when books were assassinated by the forces of darkness, hatred and fanaticism…Tens of thousands of papers were flying high, as if the sky was raining books, tears and blood’. November 2007 Dr. Saad Eskander: Director of the Iraq National Library and Archive. (INLA). Statistics for the Impact of Sectarian violence on the INLA's Staff, July 2007 6 Threat and Displacement of Staff 3 damages to property (one burnt-down house brunt and two hijacked long vehicles) 2 unlawful arrest and torture by the National guards 1 unlawful death of close relative Online diary by Dr. Saad Eskander ‘Bringing power to the powerless. It’s a recipe to be satisfied’ Clive Stafford Smith Campaigner against miscarriages of justice. 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people for their valuable time, Julie Robinson- former International Officer at the Chartered Institute for Information Professionals., Andy Stephens from the British library and Nick Lack from the British Council. Your work inspired me to keep writing about this fascinating subject. Finally, I would like to thank Chris, for being there during the write up period. 6 Dedicated to all the library and archive staff in Iraq. And above all to my loving family. 7 1. Introduction Background The 3 rd century BC witnessed the destruction of the great Alexandria Library as it slowly perished away in a fire. Today, like a phoenix, the library has risen from ashes into a modern centre for learning, knowledge and dialogue, known as the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. When civil society is under threat from armed conflict, civilians are usually high on the priority list to be brought out of danger and into safety. In the light of this, a nation aims for stability and to resume to a life of normality. This process of rebirth involves replacing chaos with order. It can be a slow and at times frustrating period where it can take up to a few years for any kind of positive result to appear. Once upon a time, Baghdad was recognised as a great centre of learning in the Middle East, intellectuals could come together and immerse themselves deep into an ocean of knowledge. Present times dictate otherwise where the sounds of bullets and car bombs far outweigh the tranquillity and peaceful atmosphere found in libraries. The ongoing war in Iraq and the ensuing sectarian violence have made everyday life for Iraqis very difficult. The looting of valuable archive and museum material has robbed a country of its historical treasures. Asking now, how this happened or who is responsible is largely overshadowed by other pressing issues such as how will Iraq remerge from this? A central theme that weaves its way through this dissertation is the relationship between libraries, particularly national archives and collections and national identity. When it was first reported that libraries and other cultural heritage was being burned and looted in Iraq in 2003, the people cried out not only because their country was slowly becoming ravaged but for the history that would be wiped out forever. Libraries are recorders of history providing humankind with an understanding of who we 8 are and where we come from. A library is a national asset, a way of representing a nation’s identity. It has been long debated that libraries are ‘pivotal institutions for the life and identity of the modern nation state’.1 It has been an arduous task for Librarians and intellects to campaign for the protection of libraries. Donald Rumsfeld (American defence secretary, 2001 – 2005) notoriously said ‘stuff happens’ when concerned with the destruction of the Iraq National Library Archive (INLA) In a war zone, human lives are a higher priority than responding immediately to the loss of cultural heritage. However it is significant to also recognise that books and library collections help ‘establish history and provide cultural context to the lives of humans’. 2 Wartime strategies involved the targeting of libraries as a way to erase identities, to massacre a cultural memory and to offend the community on a personal level. Academics have openly studied the value of libraries as personal possessions to a state and therefore a motive to commit a direct assault of vandalism, on libraries during a period of armed conflict. Libraries piece together parts missing in jigsaws; they can bridge together societies that have a complicated and varied national identity. Benedict Anderson argues that nationalism is possible through the works of what he coins as ‘print capitalism.’3 The prospect of history being collated in the printed word on a large scale, allows individuals to feel a sense of national community and pride alongside people with whom they have little in common. The national library became ‘a centralised repository for all of the print materials that establish national identity on a public scale’.4 It allows Iraqis to see documents that once upon a time may not have been easily accessible.