Foundation In Quranic Studies Lesson 1 Makharijul Huruf Lesson Outline • Meaning of Tajwid • Basis from the Quran and Hadith on reciting with tajwid • Topics covered in Tajwid as a subject • Introduction to the studies of Makharijul Huruf • The Articulation Points of Letters • The Areas of Articulation Points Meaning of Tajwid Linguistically, Tajwid means: 1. Proficiency 2. Doing something well Meaning of Tajwid In application, Tajwid is the science of learning the Arabic letters and • their correct phonetic articulations • the qualities of certain letters when they are pronounced • the significance of different kinds of punctuation marks used in the Quran. The Importance of Tajwid • At the time of the Prophet , may Peace and Blessings be upon him, there was no need for people to study Tajwid because they talked with what is now known as the Tajwid as it was natural for them • When the Arabs started mixing with the non-Arabs and as Islam spread, mistakes in the Quranic recitation began to appear, so the scholars had to record the rules • Presently, because the everyday Arabic that Arabs speak has changed so much from the Classical Arabic with which the Quran was revealed, even the Arabs have to learn the Tajwid Basis of Learning Tajwid • Scholars of Quran of the opinion that reciting the Quran correctly while observing the rules of recitation is an obligation upon each and every Muslim. • This is inline with verse 4, Surah Al-Muzzammil: “…And recite the Quran in slow, measured rhythmic tones.” – Al-Muzzammil 73:4 Basis of Learning Tajwid • The noble Prophet pbuh told his followers about the rewards of reciting, studying and teaching the Quran as follows: َ ر ُ َ ََّ ر ُ َ َ ََّ »خ ُْيك رم َم رن ت َعل َم الق ررآن َوعل َم ُ ه« “The best among you are those who learn the Quran and teach it to others.” – Reported by al-Bukhari, Ibn Majah and Ad-Darimi. Basis of Learning Tajwid • Ummu Salamah, may Allah be pleased with her, was asked about the recitation of the Prophet and she described it as a recitation: ً ُ َ ً َ ً َ ً »قِ َرا َءة مف َِّ َِسة ح ررفا ح ررفا« "Clearly-distinguished, letter by letter". Basis of Learning Tajwid • Imam 1Muhammad Ibn Al-Jazari, may Allah have mercy upon him stated in his famous poem that details the rules of Tajweed: “And applying Tajweed is an issue of absolute necessity, Whoever doesn't apply Tajwid to the Quran, then a sinner is he.” 1He was a great Quran and Hadeeth scholar of the 9th Hijri century, The Rules of Tajwid Script of the Rules of Qualities of Places of Rules of Letters Quran Stopping Letters Articulation Nun Sakinah & Mim Mushaddad & Qalqala Mim Sakin Tanwin Nun Mushaddad Madd Idgham Letter ‘Lam’ Letter ‘Ra’ Introduction To Makharijul Huruf • Makharijul huruf or also called the articulation point, is the place of emitting the letter when pronouncing a specific letter. • The pronunciation will differ from one letter to another letter depending on the articulation points. • According to majority of the scholars, there are 5 major areas for the Makharijul huruf. The 5 Major Areas of Articulation Al Jauf Al Lisan (Empty Space) (The Tongue) Al Shafatain Al Halaq (The Two (The Throat) Lips) Al Khaishum (The Nose) Definition of 5 Major Areas Definition of 5 Major Areas 1) The Empty Space in the Mouth The empty space in the mouth and throat has one articulation point for the three lengthened (madd) أ ، و ، ي :letters 2) The Throat It has 3 articulation points(makhraj) for six different letters which are pronounced from the deepest, middle and closest part of the throat. The letters ء ، ح ، خ ، ع ، غ ، ه :are Definition of 5 Major Areas 3) The Tongue The tongue has 10 articulation point for 18 letters. ق ، ك ، ج ، ش ، ي ، ض ، ل ، :The letters are ن ، ر ، ت ، د ، ط ، ث ، ذ ، ظ ، ز ، س ، ص. 4) The 2 Lips The 2 lips have 2 articulation point for 4 letters and ف ، ب ، م ، و :they are Definition of 5 Major Areas 5) The Nose From the hole of nose towards the inside of the mouth, there is only one articulation point which is the ghunnah (nasalization). The Empty Space In The Mouth • The empty space in the mouth and throat has one articulation point. • This articulation point is for the three . أ ، و ، ي lengthened (madd) letters of The Articulation Point of Alif Maddah The Articulation Point of Waw Maddah The Articulation Point of Ya’ Maddah End of Lesson 1. Any Questions? Thank you. Foundation In Quranic Studies Lesson 2 Makharijul Huruf: The Throat, The Lips and The Nose Letters Lesson Outline 1. The Throat Letters & Its Articulation Points The Upper Throat The Middle Throat The Lower Throat The Throat Letters • The following six letters known as the throat ء ، ح ، خ ، ع ، غ ، ه :letters. They are • They are pronounced from 3 different points of articulation in the throat: 1. The upper throat 2. The middle throat 3. The lower throat The Lower Throat Letters • The lower throat letters consists of 2 letters: .( ه ) and ha ( ء ) Letters hamza is a click produced by a quick ( ء ) Hamza • compression of the lower part of the throat which is closer to the chest. • Phonetically, it is referred to as “glottal stop” The Articulation Points of Hamza is ( ء ) Hamza • pronounced from the bottom part of the throat. ِ اَْء - ا ْء - اُْء The Lower Throat Letters .( ه ) The second lower throat letter is Ha • .is produced in the back of the throat ( ه ) Ha • • Phonetically, it is referred to as voiceless glotal spirant. • It is much like the English letter ‘H’. The Articulation Points of Ha is also ( ه ) Ha • pronounced from the bottom part of the throat. ِ اَْه - اْه - اُْه The Middle Throat Letters • The middle throat letters consists of 2 letters: .( ع ) and ‘ain ( ح ) Letters ḥa is pronounced with a strong expulsion of ( ح ) Ḥa • air from the chest using middle of the throat. • It is a hard guttural or throat sound, more .(ه) aspirated than ha • Care should be taken to avoid such substitution .ه by ح of The Articulation Points of Ḥa is pronounced ( ح ) Ḥa • from the middle part of the throat. ِ اَ ْح - ا ْح - اُ ْح The Middle Throat Letters .( ع ) The other middle throat letter is ‘ain • is a very strong guttural produced by ( ع ) Ain‘ • compression of air passages deep down in the throat and expulsion of the breath. • ‘Ain carries an echo which can be clearly heard if one closes one’s ear when pronouncing the sound of ‘ain. The Articulation Points of ‘Ain is also ( ع ) Ain‘ • pronounced from the middle part of the throat. ِ اَْع - ا ْع - اُْع The Upper Throat Letters • The upper throat letters consists of 2 letters: .( غ ) and ghain ( خ ) Letters Kha is a stronly marked continuous ( خ ) Kha • guttural, produced at the back of the palate, closer to the tongue. The Articulation Points of Kha is ( خ ) Kha • pronounced from the upper part of the throat. ِ اَ ْخ - ا ْخ - اُ ْخ The Upper Throat Letters .( غ ) The other upper throat letter is ghain • has a hard sound between a ( غ ) Ghain • snarling pronunciation of ‘gh’ and ‘r’. It is like the French guttural ‘r’ strongly uttered through the hard palate. is also similar to sound made in ( غ ) Ghain • gurgling. The Articulation Points of Ghain is also ( غ ) Ghain • pronounced from the upper part of the throat. اَْغ - اِ ْغ - اُْغ The Labial Letters • The labial letters consists of 2 letters: .( و ) and Waw ( م ) Mim ,( ف ) Fa ,( ب ) Letters Ba • The letters are pronounced more or less as their English equivalents. ( و ) It should be observed, however, that waw • when having sukun and ending on syllable, should still be pronounced as a consanant, with lips rounded and protruding. The Articulation Points of Fa is pronounced ( ف ) Fa • from the edge of the upper front teeth and the wet part of the lower lip. اَ ْف - اِ ْف - اُ ْف The Articulation Points of Ba is ( ب ) Ba • pronounced from the wet part of both lips. ِ اَ ْب - ا ْب - اُ ْب The Articulation Points of Mim is ( م ) Mim • pronounced from the dry part of both lips. ِ اَْم - اْم - اُْم The Articulation Points of Waw (Non-Madd) ( و ) (Waw (Non-Madd • is pronounced by the rounding of both lips. اَْو - - اُْو The Nose Letters • From the hole of nose towards the inside of the mouth, there is only one articulation point which is the ghunnah (nasalization). End of Lesson 2. Any Questions? Thank you. Foundation In Quranic Studies Lesson 3 Makharijul Huruf: The Tongue Letters Lesson Outline • The Tongue Letters & Its Articulation Points – The Deepest Part of the Tongue – The Middle Part of the Tongue – The Side of the Tongue – The Tip of the Tongue The Tongue Letters • The tongue has 10 articulation points for 18 ق ، ك ، ج ، ش ، ي ، :letters. The letters are ض ، ل ، ن ، ر ، ت ، د ، ط ، ث ، ذ ، ظ ، ز ، س ، ص. • These 10 articulation points are distributed over four areas of the tongue, which are: 1. The Deepest Part of the Tongue (Uvular consonants) 2. The Middle Part of the Tongue (Palatal consonants) 3. The Side of the Tongue (Molar consonants) 4. The Tip of the Tongue (Alveolar consonants) The 4 Parts of The Tongue Deepest part of the tongue (Uvular) Middle part of the tongue (Palatal) The side of the tongue (Molar) Tip of the tongue (Alveolar) The Uvular Letters • The deepest part of the tongue (uvular) letters consist of 2 letters: .( ك ) and Kaf ( ق ) Letters Qaf • These two uvular letters are formed with the back of tongue touching or near the soft palate close to uvula.