University of Lethbridge Research Repository OPUS http://opus.uleth.ca Faculty Research and Publications Vokey, John 2007 Psychological Sketches (8th Edition) Vokey, John R. Psyence Ink Vokey, J. R., & Allen, S. W. (Eds.) (2007). Psychological Sketches (8th Edition). Lethbridge, Alberta: Psyence Ink. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/511 Downloaded from University of Lethbridge Research Repository, OPUS Psychological Sketches (Eighth Edition) Edited by John R. Vokey and Scott W. Allen Department of Psychology The University of Lethbridge Copyright c 1994{2007 Department of Psychology The University of Lethbridge A PsΨenceTM Ink Book All rights reserved. Produced in LATEX 2" on Apple MacintoshTM computers PsΨenceTM Ink Department of Psychology The University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta ii To our students, past and present; and to future students, Christopher and Blake. In memory of M. G. Vokey (1924{1998) and Wm. B. Allen (1930{1999). iii iv A note about the cover illustration \Psyche opening the Golden Box" John William Waterhouse, 1903 Psyche represents the human spirit or soul, and in mythology she was represented as a princess so beautiful that people adored her instead of Venus. To put an end to this sacrilege, Venus sent her son Cupid to make Psyche fall in love with the ugliest creature he could find, but when Cupid saw her he fell in love and forgot his mother's command. They became lovers, though Cupid forbade Psyche ever to look upon him. When at last she did, he fled in fear of what Venus would do to him in revenge. Psyche roamed the earth in search of her lover, facing obstacles thrown in her way by Venus to prove that she was worthy of her son. One of these tasks involved a golden box which she was forbidden from opening. When she did open it, she fell into a deep sleep of death. Eventually, however, Jupiter agreed that the lovers could be united for eternity. The couple's daughter was named Voluptas (\pleasure"). { http://www.johnwilliamwaterhouse.com/ v vi Preface to the Eighth Edition Lord Ronald said nothing; he flung himself from the room, flung himself upon his horse and rode madly off in all directions. { Stephen Leacock In 1912, the Canadian humorist and economist Stephen Leacock introduced the world to the town of Mariposa|a fictional small town (with remarkable similarities to the then town of Orillia) in Southern Ontario|in his book Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town. Through a series of short stories, or word sketches, about particular incidents and occasions in the town, Leacock led the reader to an (often very humorous) understanding of the town and its people. In this textbook, and in the course that accompanies it, we have attempted to use the same strategy; through a series of short sketches of specific incidents or areas within psychology and neuroscience, we lead you to an understanding of the subject matter and methods of experimental psychology and neuroscience, even, on occasion, and sometimes inadvertently, with some of Leacock's humour. Like Lord Ronald, however, these are sketches that ride off in all directions. Each of the chapters in this book is a short sketch of a particular topic in experimental psychology and neuroscience. They can be read in any order as each chapter is meant to be a self-contained story. By the end of the book, we hope you will have learned what experimental psychology and neuroscience are about, what experimental psychologists and neuroscientists do, and more specifically, what experimental psychologists and neuroscientists do in the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Lethbridge. With both major additions and losses of faculty within the two departments, this eighth edition of Psychological Sketches is a substantial revision of previous editions. We hope you enjoy it. John R. Vokey and Scott W. Allen July 19, 2007 vii viii The Contributors Scott W. Allen Scott W. Allen was born in Victoria, British Columbia, and lived in On- tario, Manitoba, Alberta, and B.C. before returning there to attend the University of Victoria and receive an Honours B.A. in Psychology. He re- ceived his Ph.D. in Psychology from McMaster University. He teaches cog- nitive psychology, and research meth- ods and statistics, and has teaching and research interests in categoriza- tion and concept learning, memory, the acquisition of diagnostic expertise, and research ethics. Louise Barrett Educated at University College London (UK), Louise Barrett obtained a PhD in Anthropology in 1995, and then immediately took up a lecturing position in the Psychology Department at the University of Liverpool. In 1997, she went to South Africa as a post-doctoral fellow in the Psychology Department at the University of Natal where she and Peter Henzi set up a long-term baboon study at the De Hoop Nature reserve, where they have been working ever since. In 1999, she was a senior lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences at Liverpool, followed by a Readership in Psychology at the University of Central Lancashire. She joined the University of Lethbridge as an Associate Professor in January 2007. ix x The Contributors Jean Choi Jean Choi was born in Pusan, South Ko- rea, and grew up in Toronto, Ontario. She received her Honours B.A. in Psy- chology from the University of Western Ontario, and her M.A. and Ph.D. from York University. She teaches child devel- opment, social psychology, and sex and cognition. Her research interests include the development of spatial behaviour and its evolutionary basis. Margaret Forgie Margaret Forgie was born in Vancouver, B.C. She received her B.A. from Simon Fraser University and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Concordia Univer- sity in Montreal. She teaches human development, brain plasticity and memory, and hormones, drugs, and behavior. Her research interests include in- dividual differences in brain organization and be- haviour, in particular, the influence of hormones on the developing and aging brain. S. Peter Henzi Peter Henzi is a native of Durban, South Africa, with a Ph.D. from the University of Natal. He arrived in Lethbridge after five years in the UK. Together with Dr. Louise Barrett, he does field research on southern African primates (baboons, vervets) and, more recently, on the development of human social cognition. He retains strong academic links with South Africa and holds adjunct professorial positions at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the University of South Africa. The Contibutors xi Gail Hepburn Gail Hepburn was born in Toronto, Ontario, and grew up in the Ottawa area. She received her Honours B.Sc. in Psychology from Trent University, and her M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from Queen's University. After a two year post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Guelph she spent four years in Toronto at the In- stitute for Work & Health, a not-for-profit research organization. She joined the University of Lethbridge in 2004. Her area of specialization is Organizational Psychology. Her research interests include the effect of workplace factors|such as perceptions of justice or fairness, workplace aggression, and work-family balance|on employee well-being. Bryan Kolb A native of Calgary, Alberta, Bryan Kolb received a B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Calgary, and a Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State. He teaches neuro- science, neuropsychology, and brain plasticity. His re- search interests include brain development, plasticity, and brain behaviour. Among the books he has written is the widely-acclaimed Fundamentals of Human Neu- ropsychology. Professor Kolb is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Martin Lalumi`ere Martin Lalumi`erewas born in Montr´eal,and re- ceived his university degrees from the Universit´ede Montr´eal(B.Sc., M.Ps.) and Queen's University (Ph.D.). He conducted post-graduate research at the Oak Ridge Division of the Mental Health Cen- tre Penetanguishene (Ontario), and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Toronto, Ontario). Before moving to Lethbridge in 2004, he was an As- sociate Professor of Psychiatry and Criminology at the University of Toronto. When not fly-fishing, he conducts research on the etiology of sexual aggres- sion, the development of atypical sexual preferences, the physiological assessment of sexual arousal, the effect of birth order on development, and the determinants of antisocial behaviour and risk taking. xii The Contributors Jennifer Mather Jennifer Mather is a native of Victoria, British Columbia. She received a B.Sc. from the University of British Columbia, an M.Sc. from Florida State, and a Ph.D. from Brandeis. She teaches developmental psychology, perception, animal cognition, aging, schizophrenia, and the university capstone course. Her research interests include the behaviour of octopuses and psychopathology. Robert J. McDonald Robert J. McDonald was born in Calgary, Alberta, and received a B.Sc. in Psychology from the University of Lethbridge, and a M.Sc. and Ph.D. from McGill Uni- versity in Montral. He currently teaches learning. His research interests include the organization of learning and memory in the mammalian brain, the etiology of Alzheimer disease, stroke and memory impairments, mechanisms of memory consolidation, and the link be- tween learning and memory dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Gerlinde A. Metz Gerlinde A. Metz was born in Kassel, Germany, and received a B.Sc. in Biology from the University of Giessen, and a M.Sc. in Biology and Neuroscience from the University of Giessen and the Federal In- stitute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. She continued at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich to receive a Ph.D. in Neuroscience and came to the University of Lethbridge in 1999 to perform post-doctoral research. She teaches courses on brain and behaviour, clinical neuroscience, and movement disorders.