Timeline / 1830 to Before 1800 Date Country Theme 1830 - 1880 Tunisia Cities And Urban Spaces Tunis is a cosmopolitan city. According to M. J. Henry Dunant, when visiting the regency in 1856, he noted that: “more than 15 Christian nations are represented by a number of their nationals in Tunis”. 1830 Tunisia Political Context With the capture of Algiers, France ousts the Ottoman Empire and asserts its claim to the western Mediterranean. The beys and the regency’s elite then become aware of the dangers posed by the Europeans. 1830 Romania Migrations The beginning of Greek immigration into Br#ila. Many Greeks emigrate to Wallachia and settle in the Romanian ports on the Danube after the liberalisation of commerce on the Danube and Black Sea (1828). 1830 France Migrations Polish intellectuals arrive in Paris, which becomes the capital of exiled Poland. 1830 France Travelling From 1830, among artists and intellectuals of the 19th century the journey to the ‘Orient’ to discover ancient civilisations becomes a kind of ritual. 1830 - 1840 Jordan Political Context Bilad al-Sham (Greater Syria, including Jordan) is under Ibrahim Pasha who is ruling on behalf of his father, Muhammad 'Ali of Egypt. Ibrahim Pasha is forced to retreat to Egypt through Transjordan where the Egyptian army suffers severe casualties on its way back to Egypt. 1830s Greece Cities And Urban Spaces Eduard Schaubert and Stamatios Kleanthis pioneer the urban redevelopment of Athens, initially under Ioannis Kapodistrias. They produce topographical plans of Athens and, in doing so, lay the foundations for the new capital. 1830s United Kingdom Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The development of steam power in the early 19th century also applies to marine transport. Steamships shorten distances, but they also require fuelling stations. In 1839, Britain acquires Aden as one fuelling station on the route to India. Before construction of the Suez Canal, travellers sailed to Alexandria and continued overland to Suez, picking up a steamer there. 1830s United Kingdom Migrations Date Country Theme With the new Kingdom of Greece, guaranteed by Britain, some Greeks migrate to Athens and the new state, while others migrate from Greece to Constantinople, which has a huge Greek community. Relations between Turks and Greeks suffer during the 19th century, leading to a slow cantonisation of the region, culminating with the exchange of populations (Greeks from Turkey to Greece and Turks from Greece to Turkey) after World War I. From the same period, expansion of the old Hellenic port of Alexandria witnesses a mass migration of Greeks, mostly from the Aegean islands to the city, making them, by the end of the century, the wealthiest and most influential community in Alexandria. 1830 - 1844 Morocco Political Context The French expedition to Algeria arouses strong emotions in Morocco. It was understood to be a direct threat, in particular following incursions by French troops into eastern Morocco. Mulay ‘Abd al-Rahman accepted the call of the people of Tlemcen and gave his support to the religious and military leader ‘Abd al-Qadir. 1830 Spain Fine And Applied Arts From the 1830s onwards the Moorish or Alhambresque style is popular in Europe, especially in Spain, but also in England, Austria, Russia, Germany and the USA. This style is found not only in applied arts but also in architecture and interior decoration including the well-known “Moorish” smoking or retiring rooms. 1830 Spain Migrations From 1830 onwards many Spaniards emigrate to North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), coinciding with the French occupation of Algiers and as a consequence of the economic crises in Spain. The emigrants are mostly from the Mediterranean regions such as Alicante, Almería and the Balearic Islands. 1830 Spain Reforms And Social Changes Fernando VII has no sons, only daughters, so abolishes under Pragmática Sanción, the Salic Law, introduced by the Spanish branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which forbids women to reign. After the death of Fernando VII in 1833, his eldest daughter becomes Queen of Spain as Isabel II. 1830 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Battle of Hernani, a drama by Victor Hugo. 1830 France Political Context June–July: the invasion of Algiers. 1830 France Political Context 27–29 July: the Second French Revolution of July 1830 results in the fall of Charles X, who is succeeded by his cousin Louis-Philippe. 1830 France Political Context Date Country Theme The July Monarchy: Louis-Philippe becomes “Citizen-King”, and economic growth is joined by increased poverty. 1830 - 1847 Germany Political Context Stimulated by the French July Revolution, the Vormärz (pre-March) Revolution refers to the formation of political programmes and factional movements. 1830 - 1871 Germany Cities And Urban Spaces Due to the rise of industrialisation in Germany, in 1862, the Hobrecht-Plan aims to modernise Berlin over the following 50 years. 1830 - 1840 Germany Economy And Trade Industrialisation and the Industrial Revolution. Since 1830 Germany Migrations Transatlantic migration from Europe, to America, Canada, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. 1830 Germany Reforms And Social Changes The French July Revolution strengthens the power of the Besitzbürgertum (the landed gentry). Revolutions in central and north Germany enforce constitutional state reforms. 1831 France Rediscovering The Past The Chair in Egyptology at the Collège de France is created by a decree made by King Louis-Philippe of France on 12 March. 1831 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Cities And Urban Spaces The population of Sharjah rises to 13,900 inhabitants, its urban features are now much more substantial in terms of its domestic, commercial and official architecture. 1831 - 1835 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Once Rossini has left the stage, his place is taken by Gaetano Donizetti (1797– 1848) and Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835). They introduce the new romantic spirit into melodrama and establish a tighter link between words and music. Their style is characterised by greater attention to the psychology of the different characters. 1831 Italy Political Context Giuseppe Mazzini founds the republican movement for national unification, Giovine Italia (Young Italy). 1831 Greece Political Context Date Country Theme The First Governor of Greece, Conte Ioannis Kapodistrias, is assassinated. 1831 Spain Economy And Trade Foundation of the Madrid stock exchange (Bolsa de Madrid), driven by the state's need to raise funds to cover, among other things, debts arising from the Carlist wars. 1831 Lebanon Political Context Bashir II breaks away from the Ottoman Empire, allies with Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha of Egypt and assists his son Ibrahim Pasha in a siege of Acre. This siege lasts seven months before the fall of the city on 27 May 1832. They also conquer Damascus on 14 June 1832. 1831 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion George Sand (Amantine Aurore Dupin) writes Indiana, a novel about a woman’s emotional journey. 1831 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion 11 November: The first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish, Takvim-I Vekayi, published by the state. 1832 Romania Fine And Applied Arts Gheorghe Asachi founds in Ia#i a lithographic printing press called Institutul Albinei (The Bee Institute). 1832 France Travelling Like many artists, the painter Eugène Delacroix travelled to North Africa, Morocco and Algeria, returning with many paintings and sources for inspiration. 1832 Spain Economy And Trade Mechanisation of the textile industry in Catalonia with the introduction of steam- powered machines. Progress in the textile industry continues in Catalonia until the 1920 crisis. 1832 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra, a collection of essays, verbal sketches and stories that Irving began to write while he was staying in the Alhambra in Granada. The book is influenced by Romanticism and includes Spanish legends and traditions. 1832 - 1834 Portugal Political Context Civil war. Pedro returns to Portugal as Regent to defend his daughter’s rights. He launches military operations from Azores and Porto against the absolutist faction Date Country Theme of Prince Miguel favored by the Quadruple Alliance. After the Miguelists’ defeat, peace terms depend on the Évora-Monte Convention and Prince Miguel’s exile. 1832 Portugal Economy And Trade Statesman and jurist José Mouzinho da Silveira (1780–1851) abolishes old taxes over real estate income, privileges and immunities detrimental to the kingdom’s economy. He creates the Tribunal do Tesouro Público for tax collection and Treasury administration. He defines the powers of the Minister of Finance and regulates Customs administration, among other reforms. 1832 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion La Sylphide is a Romantic ballet by Fillippo Taglioni in which his daughter, Marie, danced en pointe in the title role. 1832 Germany Political Context From 27 to 30 May an apparently non-political country fair, the “Hambacher Fest”, was held by a German national democratic assembly, demanding freedom, national entity and popular sovereignty. 1832 Germany Reforms And Social Changes The “Hambacher Fest” demonstrates the liberal, democratic and national opposition in Germany. 1833 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces Copou, one of the first public gardens in Romania, is laid out in Ia#i, Moldavia, at the initiative of Prince Mihail Sturdza. 1833 Spain Political Context Isabel II becomes Queen of Spain. The Salic Law forbidding women to reign had been abolished in 1830 because Fernando VII's only heirs were female. His brother, Carlos de Borbón, asserts his claim to the throne against his niece (first Carlist War, 1836–39); two further Carlist wars will follow (1846–49, 1872–76). 1833 - 1835 Portugal Economy And Trade 18 September: The first Commercial Code by jurist José Ferreira Borges grants free trade and distribution of goods, abolishing monopolies, privileges and real estate transfer taxes. Article 2 defines a commercial act and the nature of intervening actors. 1833 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The death of Luísa Todi (b.