TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS SARJA – SER. B OSA – TOM. 364 HUMANIORA PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF ETRURIAN TERRA SIGILLATA POTTERY IN ROMAN ETRURIA AND BEYOND BETWEEN C. 50 BCE AND C. 150 CE Harri Kiiskinen TURUN YLIOPISTO UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Turku 2013 University of Turku Faculty of Humanities, School of History, Culture and Arts Studies Cultural History FIN-20014 Turku Finland Supervised by Professor Hannu Salmi Department of Cultural History University of Turku, Finland and Dr. Riitta Laitinen Department of Cultural History University of Turku, Finland Reviewed by Professor Birte Poulsen, University of Aarhus Dr. Willem M. Jongman, University of Groningen Opponent Professor Birte Poulsen Custos Professor Hannu Salmi © Harri Kiiskinen, 2013 ISBN 978-951-29-5399-8 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-29-5400-1 (PDF) ISSN 0082-6987 Painosalama – Turku, Finland 2013 Contents Acknowledgements..............................9 Introduction................................ 13 Research Focus – Sources and methods – Tradition 1 The analysis of terra sigillata distributions................... 23 What is terra sigillata? – Development of Terra sigillata production – Geographical distribution of terra sigillata data – Production sites – Stamps and Potters – Etruria 2 The social context of Etrurian terra sigillata production............. 47 Producers of terra sigillata and their socio-economic situation – Local traditions in pottery production – Pottery production as a survival strategy? 3 Routes of trade and transport........................ 59 Transport and cost – Over the hills and far away – A road can go where rivers don’t flow nor ships sail – First the cart, then the boat 4 Market mechanisms............................ 87 Institutions – Itinerant trading – Complexity of practices, or, analysing the stamps com- positions 5 Market zones and patterns of consumption................... 107 Demand and consumption – Town territories as economic units? – Marketing patterns in towns 6 Traders in the Empire........................... 115 Whole-sale trade – Pottery trade – Terra sigillata trade – To Conclude 7 Conclusion............................... 129 Tracing the pot – Roman Economy and terra sigillata trade – Postscript: Further work A Overall summaries............................ 137 B Tables.................................. 151 C Clustering trees.............................. 161 D Groups resulting from clustering....................... 171 E Distribution maps of selected potters in Etruria................. 191 3 List of Figures 1.1 Document of terra sigillata stamps . 25 1.2 Overall view of terra sigillata italica .............................. 28 1.3 Known production sites of terra sigillata........................... 32 1.4 A stamp on a terra sigillata mould. 36 1.5 Stamps, sites and finds . 43 1.6 Central Italy. Contour lines in gray. Coast line and major rivers in black. 44 3.1 Accumulated travel cost from Pisa . 65 3.2 Accumulated travel cost from Arretium . 66 3.3 Accumulated travel cost – combined . 67 3.4 A graphic summary of the transport costs . 68 3.5 Reconstructed river network of Etruria . 80 3.6 Combined travel cost map, with roads and waterways . 81 3.7 Average transport cost for each potter, using roads and waterways . 82 4.1 The Principal Components for the period 40 to 30 BCE ................. 98 4.2 The Principal Components for the period 30 to 20 BCE ................. 99 4.3 The Principal Components for the period 50 to 60 CE .................. 101 4.4 Variance over time . 102 4.5 Amount and variance of terra sigillata in Etruria . 104 A.1 Amounts of data in the provinces . 138 A.2 Amounts of data in the study areas . 148 C.1 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per-40’ . 161 C.2 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per-30’ . 162 C.3 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per-20’ . 162 C.4 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per-10’ . 163 C.5 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per0’ . 163 C.6 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per10’ . 164 C.7 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per20’ . 164 C.8 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per30’ . 165 C.9 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per40’ . 165 C.10 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per50’ . 166 C.11 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per60’ . 166 C.12 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per70’ . 167 C.13 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per80’ . 167 C.14 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per90’ . 168 C.15 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per100’ . 168 C.16 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per110’ . 169 C.17 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per120’ . 169 C.18 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per130’ . 170 C.19 Clustering tree of towns for period ‘per140’ . 170 D.1 Grouping of towns for period "per-40" . 172 5 List of Figures D.2 Grouping of towns for period "per-30" . 173 D.3 Grouping of towns for period "per-20" . 174 D.4 Grouping of towns for period "per-10" . 175 D.5 Grouping of towns for period "per0" . 176 D.6 Grouping of towns for period "per10" . 177 D.7 Grouping of towns for period "per20" . 178 D.8 Grouping of towns for period "per30" . 179 D.9 Grouping of towns for period "per40" . 180 D.10 Grouping of towns for period "per50" . 181 D.11 Grouping of towns for period "per60" . 182 D.12 Grouping of towns for period "per70" . 183 D.13 Grouping of towns for period "per80" . 184 D.14 Grouping of towns for period "per90" . 185 D.15 Grouping of towns for period "per100" . 186 D.16 Grouping of towns for period "per110" . 187 D.17 Grouping of towns for period "per120" . 188 D.18 Grouping of towns for period "per130" . 189 D.19 Grouping of towns for period "per140" . 190 E.1 The distribution map for potter 1212 in Etruria . 192 E.2 The distribution map for potter 1213 in Etruria . 192 E.3 The distribution map for potter 1342 in Etruria . 193 E.4 The distribution map for potter 1390 in Etruria . 193 E.5 The distribution map for potter 1391 in Etruria . 194 E.6 The distribution map for potter 1404 in Etruria . 194 E.7 The distribution map for potter 1623 in Etruria . 195 E.8 The distribution map for potter 1690 in Etruria . 195 E.9 The distribution map for potter 183 in Etruria . 196 E.10 The distribution map for potter 2109 in Etruria . 196 E.11 The distribution map for potter 2373 in Etruria . 197 E.12 The distribution map for potter 2441 in Etruria . 197 E.13 The distribution map for potter 2585 in Etruria . 198 E.14 The distribution map for potter 267 in Etruria . 198 E.15 The distribution map for potter 268 in Etruria . 199 E.16 The distribution map for potter 270 in Etruria . 199 E.17 The distribution map for potter 275 in Etruria . 200 E.18 The distribution map for potter 278 in Etruria . 200 E.19 The distribution map for potter 371 in Etruria . 201 E.20 The distribution map for potter 514 in Etruria . 201 E.21 The distribution map for potter 589 in Etruria . 202 E.22 The distribution map for potter 592 in Etruria . 202 E.23 The distribution map for potter 623 in Etruria . 203 E.24 The distribution map for potter 624 in Etruria . 203 E.25 The distribution map for potter 879 in Etruria . 204 E.26 The distribution map for potter 933 in Etruria . 204 6 List of Tables 1.1 Phases of terra sigillata production . 26 1.2 Regional amounts of terra sigillata ............................... 31 1.3 Production periods for the OCK2 stamps 242, 243, 244. 38 1.4 List of potters selected for deeper analysis. 42 1.5 Distribution patterns in Etruria . 45 3.1 Summary of the transport costs for the main potters . 69 3.2 Relative costs of transport . 71 3.3 Catchment areas of navigable tributaries of Tiber . 78 3.4 Summary of average costs for potters, using roads and waterways . 83 4.1 Findspots in Etruria . 94 4.2 Variance explained by the first and second principal component . 100 5.1 Groupings of find spots according to their find composition. 112 5.1 Groupings of find spots according to their find composition. 113 6.1 terra sigillata Imports to Rome. 121 6.2 Italian terra sigillata at Velsen . 125 B.1 A list of all the potters known to be active at Arretium starting from 40 BCE, with the amount of finds bearing the stamp. From OCK2 ............... 151 B.1.