APPENDIX A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE FOOD AND WATER CONSUMPTION DATAUSED IN SHEDS DIETARY Table A-1: An Example CSFII Food Diary (CSFII ID=28517-2-2: 1 yr, M, 13.6 kg) Consump Food Time of Amount SEQN Food Description tion Source Day (unit code) (gm) /1 1 7:00 AM Milk, cow's, fluid, whole 6 fl.oz 183 Store (10205) 2 2 XX Egg, whole, fried W/ LARD 92 Store (60919) 10:15 AM 2 C 3 White potato, home fries W/ LARD 388 Store (10205) Chicken, drumstick, with or without 1 XX 4 52 Store bone, roasted, skin eaten (61343) 6:00 PM 2 C 5 White potato, home fries W/ LARD 388 Store (10205) 6 fl.oz 6 8:00 PM Milk, cow's, fluid, whole 183 Store (10205) /1 The Food Source variable is based on the question, ‘Where was the food item obtained?’ (1=store, etc.). Table A-1 presents a food diary for CSFII diary, 28517-2-2: day ‘2’ intake for a 1 year old male, weighing 13.6 kg. This individual reportedly consumed 6 fluid ounces (183 grams) of milk at 7:00 am, 2 servings (92 grams) of ‘Egg, whole, fried w/Lard’ and 2 cups (288 grams) of ‘white potato, home fries w/Lard’ at 10:15 am, one serving (52 grams) of ‘Chicken drumstick’ and 2 more cups (288 grams) of ‘home fries’ at 6:00 pm, and 6 fluid ounces (183 grams) of milk at 1 4 8:00 pm. This particular child’s Day 1 intake did not include ‘home fries’, but did include the following: 183 grams of whole milk at 3:00 am, 80 grams of eggs at 9:00 am, 280 grams of spaghetti and 180 grams of Fruit drink at 5:00 pm, and 183 grams of whole milk at 9:00 pm. Water may be consumed either directly or indirectly through consumption from foods (e.g., infant formula, ‘kool aid’, coffee, tea, etc.). Total drinking water intake can also be decomposed 2 by primary source (tap, bottled, other, miscellaneous). Table A-2 presents the average drinking water intake, by age group and source. This table indicates that adults (20+ yrs old) tend to consume a greater (absolute) amount of water (~1500 mL/day) than children, but infants have the highest drinking water intake per kilogram bodyweight (65.4 mL/kg bwt/day). Table A-2: Mean Per Capita Intake of Drinking Water, by Age Group and Source 2 The SAIC report details the method for assigning direct and indirect drinking water, by source. Indirect ‘water’ does not include consumption of ‘water’ in manufactured Beverages (e.g., soda pop, beer, etc.), or water content of foods (e.g., watermelon). Similarly, milk-water also is not indirect drinking water. There was no indirect drinking water intake in the food diary presented above (CSFII ID=28517-2-2). The SAIC report is available in the US EPA (2000) FCID CD ROM, most recent version, 3-8-2004. A-1 All Children Children Children Youth Adults Adults Infants 1-2 3-5 6-12 13-19 20-49 50+ <1 yr yrs old yrs old yrs old yrs old yrs old yrs old # Diaries (N) 2,972 4,192 8,782 4,178 2,444 9,354 9,292 Mean Total Drinking Water Consumption (mL/Day) 488 397 514 647 948 1,436 1,504 Mean Total Drinking Water Consumption (mL/kg bwt/Day) 65.4 29.6 27.2 18.9 15.0 19.3 20.2 Source Mean Direct DW Consumption (mL/kg bwt/Day) Total Direct DW 8.6 17.6 18.7 13.4 10.9 11.0 10.8 Tap water 4.8 12.1 13.0 9.8 7.7 7.5 7.7 Bottled water 2.9 3.7 3.9 2.0 1.8 2.4 1.6 Other 0.8 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.3 Miscellaneous 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 Source Mean Indirect DW Consumption (mL/kg bwt/Day) Total Direct DW 56.8 12.0 8.5 5.5 4.1 8.3 9.4 Tap water 39.1 9.9 7.3 4.4 3.5 6.8 7.7 Bottled water 13.0 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 Other 4.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.9 1.2 Miscellaneous 0.16 0.14 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.10 The CSFII-FCID data also indicates that there is a considerable amount of variation in drinking water intake within any age group. Figures A-3a to A-3c present three different scatter plots of drinking water consumption, for infants, children ages 1-2 yrs old, and adults 20-49 yrs old, respectively. These plots present 3 values for each food diary: (1) total water consumption (black dot), (2) total direct water consumption (pink dot), and (3) total indirect water consumption (yellow dot). Figure 1a illustrates that infants generally obtain most of their total intake from indirect drinking water (yellow). An inspection of the data reveals that most of this indirect water consumption is through infant formula. For children 1-2 yrs old, direct drinking water (pink) becomes relatively more significant to total water intake. For adults ages 20-49 yrs old, direct drinking water (pink) is the primary source of total daily intake for most individuals. In all cases, there are some exceptions to this general observation. A review of the CSFII data will indicate that some 1-2 yr olds consume large amounts of indirect water (‘kool-aid kids’), as do a number of adults (‘coffee club’). A-2 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Figure A-3a: Drinking Water Intake, By Source (Total, Direct, Indirect): All Infants (N=2970) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Figure A-3b: Drinking Water Intake, By Source (Total, Direct, Indirect) Children 1-2 yrs old (N=4192) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Figure A-3c: Drinking Water Intake, By Source (Total, Direct, Indirect): Adults 20-49 yrs old (N=9354) Timing and Amounts of Direct Drinking Water Intake As indicated above, the CSFII food diaries contain information on the time of day and corresponding amounts of indirect drinking water (e.g., infant formula, soups, coffee/tea, etc.). Therefore, this data supports the ability to conduct an eating occasion analyses of indirect drinking water consumption. For direct drinking water exposures, the CSFII simply asked the question: “How many fluid ounces of plain drinking water did you consume yesterday?” The A-3 respondents provided an estimate of their total direct drinking water intake, but were not asked to estimate when and how much water was consumed throughout the day. A-4 APPENDIX B. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE WATER CONCENTRATION DATA USED IN SHEDS-DIETARY Table B-1 presents the format in which predicted drinking water concentration data are provided to the dietary risk assessors. The duration of the modeling period (30 years) is based on the availability of meteorological data for a particular location. For example, rainfall (and other meteorological) data from January 1st, 1960 through December 31st, 1990 may be available for a particular site in the Midwest. The environmental fate models predict drinking water concentrations based on that rainfall data; as well as other inputs (e.g., half-lives, soil types, and pesticide use - application method, rates and timing, etc.). Table B-1: Array of Predicted Drinking Water Concentrations (ppb) Location Use (site) Year 1-Jan 2-Jan 3-Jan - - - ­ 30-Dec 31-Dec Midwest-1 Corn 1960 xx xx xx - - - ­ xx xx Midwest Corn 1961 xx xx xx - - - ­ xx xx Midwest Corn 1962 xx xx xx - - - ­ xx xx || || || || || || - - - - ­ || || Midwest Corn 1989 xx xx xx - - - ­ xx xx Midwest Corn 1990 xx xx xx - - - ­ xx xx Note two practices in the Agency’s drinking water risk assessments: First, all (total) drinking water consumed (this includes both direct and indirect consumption, from all sources, tap, bottled, other and/or miscellaneous) are assumed to contain the same concentration level – i.e., only one concentration value is selected in the Monte-Carlo simulation. While the models may have the option of allowing different sources to have different concentrations, those options are not used in an Agency drinking water risk assessment. Second, indirect drinking water concentrations for any food (e.g., infant formula, coffee, tea, etc.) are not refined with any cooking processing factor. Again, while the aggregate exposure models may provide users with the option of making such refinements, the Agency has not utilized those options in its dietary risk assessments. Given these two practices, drinking water is conceptually similar to any other food consumed: one residue value is randomly selected and multiplied by total daily intake, or by intake at various occasions throughout the day. A-5 APPENDIX C. CSFII FOOD LIST IN RAC CODE ORDER Acerola Beef, fat-babyfood Cherry, juice-babyfood Alfalfa, seed Beef, kidney Cherry-babyfood Almond Beef, liver Chestnut Almond, oil Beef, liver-babyfood Chicken, fat Almond, oil-babyfood Beef, meat Chicken, fat-babyfood Almond-babyfood Beef, meat byproducts Chicken, liver Amaranth, grain Beef, meat byproducts-babyfood Chicken, meat Amaranth, leafy Beef, meat, dried Chicken, meat byproducts Apple, dried Beef, meat-babyfood Chicken, meat byproducts-babyfood Apple, dried-babyfood Beet, garden, roots Chicken, meat-babyfood Apple, fruit with peel Beet, garden, roots-babyfood Chicken, skin Apple, juice Beet, garden, tops Chicken, skin-babyfood Apple, juice-babyfood Beet, sugar Chickpea, flour Apple, peeled fruit Beet, sugar, molasses Chickpea, seed Apple, peeled fruit-babyfood Beet, sugar, molasses-babyfood Chickpea, seed-babyfood Apple, sauce Beet, sugar-babyfood Chicory, roots Apple, sauce-babyfood Belgium endive Chicory, tops Apricot Blackberry Chinese waxgourd Apricot, dried Blackberry, juice Chive Apricot, juice Blackberry, juice-babyfood Chrysanthemum, garland Apricot, juice-babyfood Blueberry Cinnamon Apricot-babyfood Blueberry-babyfood Cinnamon-babyfood Arrowroot, flour Boysenberry Citrus citron Arrowroot, flour-babyfood Brazil nut Citrus hybrids Artichoke, globe Breadfruit Citrus, oil Artichoke, Jerusalem Broccoli Cocoa bean, chocolate Arugula Broccoli raab Cocoa bean, powder Asparagus Broccoli, Chinese Coconut, dried Avocado Broccoli-babyfood