Politikwissenschaft Running for Europe – European Sports Policy and the Role of Civil Society Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Freya Elisa Ostlinning, geb. Brune aus Dissen 2011 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24. März 2011 Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Christian Pietsch Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Annette Zimmer Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Kleinfeld Running for Europe EU Sports Policy and the Role of Civil Society by Freya Elisa Ostlinning, née Brune B.S./B.A. University Twente, Enschede / Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Münster 2005 M.S./M.A. University Twente, Enschede / Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Münster 2006 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) Department of Political Science and the Graduate School of Politics Junior Research Group “European Civil Society and Multilevel Governance” Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Münster February 2011 “My area of responsibility also covers sports and relations with civil society. There is one recurring theme throughout my whole portfolio - the citizens and their quality of life. The building of a citizen-friendly environment will be at the centre of all my activities. I believe that sport is a very important educational tool to promote values such as tolerance, fairness and team work.” (Jan Figel) i Acknowledgements The dissertation at hand would not have been possible to be completed without the help and support of a great range of people and institutions. First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Annette Zimmer and Prof. Dr. Ralf Kleinfeld for supervising my work with great scientific advice and great patience. In this context I also have to name Dr. Matthias Freise, who deserves special thanks and without whom our whole research group would have been lost in many regards. He constantly guided our group not only with scientific but also with personal advice. Deep thanks also go to my colleagues of the junior research group. We shared special years, many hard times, but also fun times. Great thanks to all other colleagues from the NPM and the Political Institute who have given me important support in different areas. Special thanks go out to Alexia Duten as the colleague and friend without whom the time as a PhD student in Münster would not have been half as bearable. I also owe deep thanks to my friends and family, most importantly my parents, who constantly guided me with moral as well as financial support. Without them, I would not be where I am right now. Thank you, to all who put up with me in the times of my PhD, who were there for me to lift me up or bring me down – be it with scientific advice or a good cold beverage and some well needed talks. ii Table of Contents List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................vii List of Figures........................................................................................................................ix Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1 The Theme........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Significance of the Study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Time Frame ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Importance of Sports and Civil Society ................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Question and Dissertation Outline .......................................................................... 4 2 Development of a European Policy...................................................................................5 2.1 Emergence of a Policy on the EU Agenda .............................................................................. 6 2.2 Development in the Policy Process – Becoming a Community Policy.................................... 7 2.3 The Specificity of Sport: Two Pillars of Sport ........................................................................ 11 2.4 Sports Systems: National Specificities .................................................................................. 12 2.5 EU Sports Policy – A Time Frame......................................................................................... 16 3 Methodology....................................................................................................................20 3.1 The Theses............................................................................................................................ 20 3.2 The Questions ....................................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Data Gathering and Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 24 3.3.1 Theoretical Analysis: Document Analysis ..................................................................... 25 3.3.2 Qualitative Research: Expert Interviews ....................................................................... 25 3.3.3 Quantitative Research: Survey...................................................................................... 26 3.4 Justification of Research Design ........................................................................................... 27 3.4.1 Documents..................................................................................................................... 27 3.4.2 Qualitative Interviews .................................................................................................... 28 3.4.3 Quantitative Survey ....................................................................................................... 34 3.5 Overall Research Design....................................................................................................... 35 A Sports, Integration and Civil Society.............................................................................37 1 Sports and European Integration ....................................................................................39 1.1 European Integration – From Old Visions to New Approaches............................................. 42 1.1.1 History of European Integration..................................................................................... 43 1.1.2 European Integration – Theoretical Overview ............................................................... 46 1.1.2.1 Federalism ................................................................................................................. 46 1.1.2.2 Intergovernmentalism ................................................................................................ 48 1.1.2.3 Neo-functionalism...................................................................................................... 49 1.1.2.4 The Different Debates ............................................................................................... 50 1.1.3 New Terms and Concepts ............................................................................................. 54 1.1.3.1 Multi-level Governance.............................................................................................. 54 1.1.3.2 Inclusion of Civil Society............................................................................................ 57 1.1.4 Sub-conclusion on European Integration ...................................................................... 57 1.2 Sports and Integration ........................................................................................................... 59 1.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................59 1.2.2 The Meaning of Sports for European Integration .......................................................... 63 1.2.2.1 System- vs. Socio-cultural Integration....................................................................... 64 iii 1.2.2.2 Sports and Social Capital .......................................................................................... 66 1.2.3 Positive vs. Negative Effects of Sports in European Integration ................................... 71 1.2.4 Conclusion on Sports and Integration ........................................................................... 75 2 Civil Society and its Relevance for EU Integration..........................................................77 2.1 Functions of Civil Society ......................................................................................................79 2.2 Enhancing Input-Legitimacy – European Identity.................................................................. 82 2.3 Importance of Civil Society integration .................................................................................. 84 2.4 The EU and Civil Society....................................................................................................... 85 2.4.1 2007-2013 Initiative: Different Policy Fields .................................................................. 88 2.4.2 Europe for Citizens 2007-2013.....................................................................................