(Haak & Gerritsen, 2007)find (Ten Grootenhuyzen, Ring Sport Kister en Vandaag bjj de K.K.U.S.H. Deel Twee) (Ten Grootenhuyzen, Ring Sport Gister en Vandaag bij de K.U.S.H Eerste Deel) i The Police Dog Evolution, History and Service James R. Engel ii Cover: Belgian Malinois "Alexander Badger Man" Owner Eric Wilson, Photo by author. Also by the author: Bouvier des Flandres, The Dogs of Flanders Fields, 1991 © Copyright 2018 James R. Engel All Rights reserved. The PDF version of this book may be freely copied and distributed so long as it is not modified in any way. Email: [email protected] http://www.angelplace.net/dog/ December 1, 2018 iii Dedicated to the women in my life: Martha Engel, my mother Kathleen Engel, my wife Sarah and Meredith, my daughters iv Contents PREFACE 1 1 IN THE BEGINNING 5 Canine Origins 7 The Molossers 14 The Herding Heritage 19 Herding or Gathering Dogs 22 Livestock Guardians 23 Tending dogs 25 Advent of the Police Breeds 25 Police Dog Requisites 30 House Divided 39 This document only goes through the first chapter, to download the complete book: Police Dog Book Download 2 AGE OLD SKILLS 42 The Right Stuff 44 Ethology 47 Terminology 49 On Aggression 50 Handler Aggression 53 Predation 53 Play objects 57 Fight or Flight 57 Fear 58 Defense 59 Fighting Drive 60 More Terminology 62 Hardness and Sharpness 62 Confidence and Sociability 63 Intelligence and Trainability 64 Nature and Nurture 65 3 DOG TRAINING FOUNDATIONS 69 Obedience 69 Priorities 71 The Training Progression 72 All in the Family 75 Competitive Training 78 The Koehler Era 79 The Post Koehler Era 82 Obedience Classes 85 Dog Aggression 88 The Electric Training Collar 89 Breed Considerations 91 Sport and Service 92 v 4 CANINE PROTECTION TRAINING 95 Historical and Social Perspective 95 Expectations 100 The Bad Old Days 102 Selection and Preliminary Training 104 Formal Foundations 106 Discipline 109 Ongoing Training 111 The Helper 113 Suits and Sleeves 116 Man's Best Friend 123 5 CANINE SCENT WORK 125 The Scenting Process 127 Tracking and Trailing 128 Search and Patrol Work 134 Substance and Object Detection 136 The Bloodhound 142 Perspective 145 6 THE RING AND THE TRIAL 147 The Euro Way 148 Dog Sports 151 Schutzhund and IPO 156 Temperament or Character Testing 161 Schutzhund Commentaries 164 The Ringers 167 War, Politics, Commerce and History 168 The American Experience 172 USCA, the Early Years 174 American Ringers 177 Creeping Commercialism 181 A Dog of Your Own 185 Only in America 189 What are Obedience Trials Really? 191 Social and Political Context 192 7 THE BELGIAN HERITAGE 195 The Belgian Enigma 196 National Canine Organizations 200 Societe Royale Saint-Hubert 201 Kennel Club Belge 202 Breaking Out, the NVBK 204 Work and Sport 205 Belgian Ring Sport 207 The Belgian Shepherd 212 Adolphe Reul 213 Louis Vander Snickt 214 The Huyghebaert Brothers 214 Joseph Couplet 215 Felix Verbanck 215 Foundations 216 The War Years 223 Post War Years 225 The Laeken 228 The Malinois 230 vi The Groenendael 235 The Tervuren 236 America 237 The Bouvier des Flandres 239 End Game 245 Retrospect and Prognosis 246 8 THE NETHERLANDS 250 The Dutch Shepherd 252 The Dutch Police Dog Trials 254 The Politiehond I Examination 259 Scoring 261 Current Trends 261 9 FRANCE 263 The French Herding Breeds 263 French Ring Sport 264 Commentary 270 10 GERMANY 271 The German Shepherd 271 The Early Years 272 The Founder's Touch 277 The Dogs of War 280 Show Lines and Working Lines 281 Rise of the Third Reich 284 Post World War II Germany 285 Germany Today 288 The Eastern Lines 290 The Color Code 291 SV Under Siege 292 WUSV 294 Home With the Troops 295 Structure and Stride 297 The Doberman Pinscher 300 The Rottweiler 304 The Giant Schnauzer 305 The Boxer 306 11 BRITISH ORIGINS 307 Edwin Richardson and his Airedale Terriers 307 12 THE PROTECTION DOG 310 Watch and Guard Dogs 312 The Personal Protection Dog 315 The Area or Premise Protection Dog 317 13 THE POLICE DOG 318 The Early Years 321 The Scales of Justice 327 Modern Deployment Strategies 328 Aggression and Discipline 330 Scent Work: Search and Detection 334 The Building Search 336 The War on Drugs 339 Explosives and Bomb Detection 342 Crowd Control 343 vii Administration and Leadership 344 Acquisition and Training 348 Trends 352 14 THE DOGS OF WAR 353 The Modern Era 355 WWI 357 The Specialists 360 The Messenger Dog 360 The Sentry or Guard Dog 361 The Patrol Dog 362 The Scout Dog 362 Explosive Detection Dogs 364 WWII 366 Korea and the 1950s 371 Vietnam 372 The Post Vietnam Era 375 Century Twenty One 376 Commentary 378 15 EMERGENCE OF THE BREED 380 Domestication 380 The Purebred Dog 381 The Dog Show 382 16 EVOLUTION, GENETICS AND MEDICAL SCREENING 385 Genetic Inheritance 385 Medical Screening 388 In Denial 390 Spiral to Oblivion? 393 17 THE ESTABLISHMENT 398 Fédération Cynologique Internationale 402 The American Kennel Club 407 GSDCA 411 The SV Empire 413 The American Working Dog Federation 419 England and Canada 428 18 IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES 429 The Euro Cabal 430 The Rest of Europe 432 America 434 A Shrinking World 436 Evolving Trends 438 APPENDICES: 445 KONRAD MOST 445 REGISTRATION STATISTICS 447 American 448 German Annual Registrations 449 French Registrations 450 Belgian Registrations 451 Netherlands Registrations 452 Dutch 2011 Registrations, puppies & imports 453 GLOSSARY 454 viii American Organizations 454 European Organizations 454 North American Titles 454 European Titles 455 European Registration Books 455 Dutch Hip Condition Ratings 455 German Terminology 456 BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 460 INDEX 462 ix Preface A police dog book is an enormously daunting project, especially for an American physically and culturally so remote from the European origins of this heritage. Yet it is a tale that needs to be told in depth and with perspective, with a sense of history, rigor and culture – even a trace of skepticism – in order to deal with the contradictions, the frailties of human and canine nature. A long professional career as an electronics and systems engineer in the communications industry, largely involved in providing communications and information systems for police and other first responder agencies, has provided close contact with police personnel at diverse levels, ranging from technical presentations in board rooms before high ranking administrators, politicians and their ever present consultants to riding along in a squad car to learn first-hand the realities of on the street service, how the equipment and systems we were providing worked in the real world. Many years of Schutzhund training and breeding, including extensive time in Europe, provided contact with many officers and trainers, European and American, and first hand insight into many aspects of practical police dog deployment. Although the police dog as we know it today emerged from the herding dogs of northern Europe at the advent of the twentieth century the use of dogs in the service of those in power, be it the nobility of the ancient regime or the modern state, goes back as far as history tells its story. Often these were of the Mastiff style – massive, powerful and intimidating – serving to keep the working and agrarian classes, those providing industrial and agricultural labor, in their preordained place. The industrial and concurrent political and social revolutions of the latter nineteenth century marked a real shift in power to a more egalitarian basis, and as the social and economic status of the common man improved his dogs, especially the herders, took on new roles, especially in police service. As the Industrial Revolution progressed and the rural population migrated to burgeoning industrial and commercial cities the modern police force evolved to maintain law and order. These incipient police forces found ever expanding roles for herding dogs whose historical work in the fields and meadows was evaporating. The use of the term herders rather than referring to herding breeds is appropriate, for these formal breeds were emerging concurrently, in the same era, driven by the same demographic and societal currents as the modern police forces and their emerging canine partners. As we shall see the evolution of formal canine breeds, kennel clubs and dog shows has had insidious detrimental consequences, and increasingly the actual police dog candidates are emerging from the fringes or outside of this mainstream conformation show oriented world. Our subject is the traditional patrol dog breeds with the protection, interdiction, search and detection roles of the classic police dog, as it emerged in Belgium, Germany and the rest of northern Europe, and as exemplified by the German Shepherd Dog, known colloquially throughout the world as the police dog. The original role of the police dog, evolving early in the twentieth century, was as a partner for the officer on foot patrol, providing protection and deterrence, especially at night. This involved both alerting on the presence of a potential adversary – through the sharp canine hearing, olfactory prowess and keen night vision – and engagement as necessary. In the era 1 before squad cars, radio communication and even street lighting the patrol dog expanded the presence of the officer, projecting authority and respect. While aggression is still often the public perception, that is the biting dog, today the typical police dog serves multiple purposes, particularly those involving search or substance detection, notably drugs. In our modern world the police dog who can only bite is essentially obsolete or very special purpose, for the olfactory potential, the sense of smell, is as or more important than deterrence and aggression. Some of these olfactory functions – including drug, explosive and cadaver detection and search and rescue – are at times fulfilled by specialist dogs without the protection or aggressive role.