1. General Information Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 ROBUST SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON Substance Group Kerosene/Jet Fuel Summary prepared by American Petroleum Institute Consortium Registration # 1100997 Creation date: May 24, 2003 Printing date: September 21, 2010 Date of last Update: September 21, 2010 Number of pages: 119 NB. Reliability of data included in this summary has been assessed using the approach described by Klimisch et al. Klimisch, H. J., Andreae, M. and Tillman, U, (1997) A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 25, 1-5. 1. General Information Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 1.1.1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION Substance type : Petroleum product Physical status : Liquid Remark : Kerosene is the name for the lighter end of a group of petroleum streams known as the middle distillates. Kerosene may be obtained either from the distillation of crude oil under atmospheric pressure (straight-run kerosene) or from catalytic, thermal or steam cracking of heavier petroleum streams (cracked kerosene). The kerosenes, are further treated by a variety of processes (including hydrogenation) to remove or reduce the level of sulfur, nitrogen or olefinic materials. The precise composition of any particular kerosene will depend on the crude oil from which it was derived and on the refinery processes used for its production. Irrespective of this, kerosenes consist predominantly of C9 to C16 hydrocarbons and boil in the range 145 to 300 °C. The major components of kerosenes are branched and straight chain paraffins and naphthenes and these normally account for 70% of the material. Aromatic hydrocarbon, mainly alkyl benzenes and alkylnaphthalenes do not normally exceed 25 % of kerosene streams. Olefins do not normally account for more than 5% of the kerosenes. Several mammalian toxicity studies have been carried out on two samples of kerosene and the properties of these are shown below. Sample 83-09 is a straight-run kerosene and 81-07 is a hydrodesulfurized kerosene. Property Sample Sample API 83-09 API 81-07 CAS number 8008-20-6 64742-81-0 Pour point (°C) -49 Density (kg/dm³)@ 15 °C 0.81 0.82 Reid vapor pressure @ 37.8 °C (hPa) 14 Flash point (closed cup) °C 62 60 Kinematic viscosity at 20 °C (mm²/sec) 1.5-2.5 1.1-2.5 Gravity (°API) 43.0 41.9 Sulfur (wt %) 0.47 0.07 Nitrogen (ppm) 5.4 - Flash point (°F) 144 140 Distillation (°F) IBP 238 362 10% 327 392 50% 405 434 90% 475 488 95% 490 506 EP 520 535 Paraffins (%) - 47 Saturates (%) 82 - Olefins (%) 2.5 1 Naphthenes (%) - 35 Aromatics (%) 15.5 18 1. General Information Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 The major use of kerosenes is as the primary ingredient in a variety of jet fuels. Kerosene is also used as diesel fuel (No. 1), domestic heating fuels (Fuel oil No. 1) and as a solvent, although this latter use is a minor one. Both diesel fuel and home heating oil No. 1 are essentially equivalent to kerosene. Specifications for both middle distillate heating fuels and transportation fuels are similar; as a consequence, it is often possible for refiners to satisfy the performance requirements of both applications with the same process stream or blend of process streams. The final products are essentially kerosene that contains additives which are specific for the intended use. Otherwise they are all virtually indistinguishable on the basis of their gross physical or chemical properties. Characteristics of the various jet fuels are: Jet A-1 Kerosene type used in civil aircraft, aromatic hydrocarbon content 25% (v/v) maximum, Freezing point -47°C max. Jet A as for Jet A-1, but with freezing point -40°C max. AVCAT/JP-5 high flash point kerosene type used in naval aircraft, aromatic hydrocarbons 25% (v/v) max. AVTUR/JP-8 kerosene type used in military aircraft, aromatic hydrocarbons 25 % (v/v) max. For most of the mammalian toxicology endpoints, information has been derived on a wide range of kerosene streams and jet fuels. For simplicity, this robust summary contains detailed information on a single API sample for each endpoint and if data were available on other samples for the same endpoint they have been summarized in tabular form in the relevant sections or discussed in detail when appropriate. 1.13 REVIEWS Memo : IARC Remark : IARC reviewed the data on the carcinogenicity of jet fuel and concluded: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in humans of jet fuel. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of jet fuel. The IARC overall evaluation was that Jet fuel is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (55) Memo : CONCAWE Remark : CONCAWE summarized the available health, safety and environmental data available on kerosene and jet fuels (36) Memo : ASTDR Remark : A Toxicological profile for JP-5 and JP-8 jet fuel was prepared by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (28) 1. General Information Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 3. Environmental Fate and Pathways Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 2.1 MELTING POINT Method : ASTM D97 GLP : No data Test substance : Kerosene/Jet Fuels various Remark : By definition, melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at normal atmospheric pressure. For complex mixtures like petroleum products, melting point may be characterized by a range of temperatures reflecting the melting points of the individual components. To better describe phase or flow characteristics of petroleum products, the pour point is routinely used. The pour point is the lowest temperature at which movement of the test specimen is observed under prescribed conditions of the test (ASTM 1999). The pour point methodology also measures a "no-flow" point, defined as the temperature of the test specimen at which a wax crystal structure and/or viscosity increase such that movement of the surface of the test specimen is impeded under the conditions of the test (ASTM 1999). Because not all petroleum products contain wax in their composition, the pour point determination encompasses change in physical state (i.e., crystal formation) and/or viscosity property. Given the pour point values given above, these products are liquid at ambient temperatures. The pour point values for the products and streams given above are expected to represent the pour point values for the entire Kerosenes/Jet Fuel HPV category. This is expected because: 1) the products within this category consist of the same types of petroleum hydrocarbons (paraffinic, naphthenic, olefinic and aromatic), 2) the proportions of those hydrocarbon types are similar among the products/streams, 3) the hydrocarbons have a relatively similar and narrow range of molecular weights (carbon atoms of C9 - C16), and 4) the products and streams have similar distillation ranges (approximately 125 to 300 °C). Result : Pour point: See following Table and Remarks Section Decomposition: N/A Sublimation: N/A Product Type Pour Point (°C) Reference CAS No. 8008-20-6 (Straight-run kerosene) -55 API 1987 Jet A/Jet A-1 (aviation turbine fuel, kerosene type) < -47 Jokuty, et al. 2002 Fuel Oil No. 1 (JP-8; kerosene) -50 Jokuty, et al. 2002 Fuel Oil No. 1 (JP-5; heavy kerosene) < -48 Jokuty, et al. 2002 Reliability : (2) valid with restrictions Results of standard method testing were reported in a reliable reference database. (22) (29) (56) 3. Environmental Fate and Pathways Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 2.2 BOILING POINT Method : ASTM D86 GLP : No data Test substance : Kerosene/Jet Fuels various Remark : The boiling (distillation) ranges given below are expected to cover other streams and/or products in the Kerosene/Jet Fuel HPV category. This is expected due to their similar hydrocarbon content representing paraffinic, naphthenic, olefinic and aromatic constituents and their proportions within the substances in this category. Data presented below for streams not included in the Kerosene/Jet Fuel HPV category (e.g., CAS Nos. 91770-15- 9 and 101316-80-7) provide supporting information to illustrate the overall similarity in boiling range for products within this category. The one stream within the Kerosene/Jet Fuel HPV category having a larger range of molecular weight hydrocarbons than other members of the category (i.e., CAS No. 68477-58-7 with C5 to C18 carbon atoms) would be expected to have a boiling (distillation) range wider than those characterized by the cited data. Result : Boiling point (°C): See following Table Pressure: N/A Pressure unit: N/A Decomposition: N/A Boiling Range °C Method Ref. Jet A/Jet A-1 145 - 300 ASTM D86 Jokuty et al. 2002 Kerosene, straight-run API 83-09; (CAS No. 8006-20-6) 125 - 292 ASTM D86 API 1987 Kerosene, hydrodesulfurized API 81-08, (CAS No. 64742-81-0) 175 - 284 ASTM D86 API 1987 Kerosene, sweetened (CAS No. 91770-15-9) 152 - 257 ASTM D86 CONCAWE 94/106 Kerosene, hydrodesulfurized (CAS No. 64742-81-0) 156 - 255 ASTM D86 CONCAWE 94/106 Kerosene, hydrocracked heavy aromatic (CAS No. 101316-80-7) 187 - 288 ASTM D86 CONCAWE 96/55 Reliability : (2) valid with restrictions Results of standard method testing were reported in reliable review dossiers and a reference database. (22) (39) (56) 2.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE Method : Measured: ASTM 323 3. Environmental Fate and Pathways Id Kerosene Date 9/21/2010 Test substance : Kerosene/Jet Fuels various Remark : Kerosenes and jet fuels consist of complex mixtures of various hydrocarbon compounds with the majority of the structures represented by saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., normal and branched paraffins and naphthenes) with lesser amounts of aromatic compounds. Molecular weights of those constituents are represented by components containing between nine and sixteen carbon atoms (CONCAWE 1995).