COMPETITION, PREDATION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF DIMORPHISM IN AN ACORN BARNACLE (CHTHAMALUS ANISOPOMA) POPULATION. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors LIVELY, CURTIS MICHAEL. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 15:42:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187727 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sectinns with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Universitv MicrOfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI48106 8421974 Lively, Curtis Michael COMPETITION, PREDATION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF DIMORPHISM IN AN ACORN BARNACLE (CHTHAMALUS ANISOPOMA) POPULATION The University of Arizona PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark_.../_. 1. Glossy photographs or pages j 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print __ 3. Photographs with dark background __ 4. Illustrations are poor copy __ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy __ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page __ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages __ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements __ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine __ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print __ 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages __ 15. ~her_________________________________________ _ University Microfilms International COMPETITION, PREDATION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF DIMORPHISM IN AN ACORN BARNACLE (CHTHAMALUS ANISOPOMA) POPULATION by Curtis Michael Lively A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfil+ment of the Requirement For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 984 THE UN~VERSITY OF ARIZONA GRAOU~TE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Curtis Michael Lively --------------~,----~----~------------------ entitled Competition, predation and the maintenance of dimorphism in an acorn barnacle (Chthamalus anisopoma).population and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 7 ~ L<t~L( Date 7 !?rf;i Date ~ ? $t29 /9/j/ Date (/ s/zdf Date ; . Date 7~ Ifr1 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as f~lfilling the dissertation requirement. ~tf~~tation Director Date STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided the accurate.acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or repro­ duction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department of the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. ~ ,~ SIGNED L-/~_/--,' ,--,-,-f/t_~_~_W_,~'-'-'~_/~-~-b". '"",--" __ V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed to the successful completion of this dissertation and my major professor and thesis director, Professor J. R. Hendrickson, is foremost among them. He listened with interest to and focused my ideas, solved logistical problems, patiently instructed me in technical writing and oral presentations, bent-over backwards to keep me in the field, and perhaps most important (and for which I am most grateful), installed in me the confidence to undertake and complete this work. His enthusiasm for science and his insights and queries into the workings of nature have been an inspiration to me. My thanks also to the remaining members of my doctoral committee: Drs. James H. Brown, Astrid Kodric-Brown, D. A. Thomson and David Vleck. Throughout this study they have asked stimulating questions which have served to broaden the scope of my research and they have greatly improved upon my attempts to write it. I am also thankful to Dr. R. Michod and the members of a graduate seminar on game theory from which Chapter 3 of this dissertation was born. I am deeply gratefull for the encouragement, support and ideas gi ven freely by Lynda Delph (more recently, Delph-Lively). She contributed at all levels of this project, from the formulation of hypotheses to the preparation of figures. I am especially grateful for her help in the field, the use of her volkswagon (which we destroyed), her willingness to think about this project and the iii iv insights she generated in the process. I am also deeply grateful to Pete Raimondi for his friendship, generous field assistance, and many conceptual contributions. There is little in this dissertation which has not benefitted from many discussions with Pete and Lynda; I have learned much from both of them. Many other people have provided field, or laboratory assistance during the course of my research in the Gulf of California. I am especially grateful to Peggy Turk, Mathew Leibold, Eric Larsen, Rick Boyer, Don Kobayashi, Peter Weimer shimer, Katie Iverson, Richard Thomas, Kevin Lively, Shelly Maxfield and Dora Perry for thier efforts in this respect. I am also thankful for discussions with, or comments on manuscripts by, Mathew Liebold, David Zeh, Chris Peterson, Mike Dungan, Katrina Mangin, Katie Iverson, Dan Thompson, Alan Harvey, Janet Voight, Marie Zey, Susan Anderson, Peter Warren, Ed Boyer, Hall Cushman, Jim Munger, Rick McCourt, Nick Yensen, Eric Larsen, Yvonne Maluf, Fernando Zapata, Phil Hastings and Jim Malusa. I have benefitted greatly from all the graduate students in this department and I feel very lucky to have been part of "the basement", an unlikely but none-the-less exciting forum for the exchange of ideas. My thanks to all the students, past and present, who have contributed to that excitement. Thanks also to Susan Anderson and Peter Warren for their friendship and f~r taking me into their horne while I assembled this report. Finally, my sincerest appreciation is given to my mother and my maternal grandmother "Nana" for their love and support. v My work was greatly aided, especially during the past two years, by the facilities at the Center for the Studies of Deserts and Oceans (C.E.D.O) in Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. I am very grateful to the director and resident marine biologist, Peggy Turk, and to the assistant director, Rick Boyer, for keeping the dream of a research station in the Gulf of California alive, for the interest and excitement for the Gulf which they have generated, and for all the help which they have given to me. Financial support for this study was greatfully received from the National Academy of Sciences (Henry Joseph Fund #204), the American Museum of Natural History (Lerner-Grey Fund for Marine Research), the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society, the University of Arizona Graduate Student Development Fund and the University of Arizona Summer Support Fund. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES v 11 i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. x ABSTRACT . xi 1.