LEGATES OF THE ROMAN PONTIFF - PERMANENT OBSERVERS OF THE HOLY SEE^T THE UNITED NATIONS by Roman A. MELNYK A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Canon Law Saint Paul University, Ottawa, Canada, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Canon Law Ottawa, Canada Saint Paul University 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49408-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49408-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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Canada FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES k=J FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES T-'University enrnidienne Canada's university Roman Melnyk AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS Ph.D. (Canon Law) GRADE/DEGREE Faculty of Canon Law FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Legates of the Roman Pontiff - Permanent Observers of the Holy See Missions at the United Nations TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Wojciech Kowal DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE/THESIS EXAMINERS Anne Asselin John Renken John Huels Luca Lorusso i£ary_W:LSlater_ Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies u Ottawa L'Universite canadienne Canada's university Roman A. Melnyk Legates of the Roman Pontiff- Permanent Observers of the Holy See Missions at the United Nations (Abstract) The thesis addresses questions regarding the history of the gradual involvement of the representatives of the Holy See and the corresponding development of their legal status in the newly created international organization of the United Nations, the canonical determination of the office of papal legate to the UN in view of pertinent ecclesiastical legislation, the role and functions of papal representatives to the UN within the context of current world events, and the important contribution to the work of the United Nations in the service of humanity. The first chapter examines the international status of the Holy See during the 1870-1929 period; the development of pre-United Nations international structures from 1939-1945; the participation of the Holy See in the early stages of development of UN agencies and international bodies, i.e. FAO, WFP, IF AD, UNESCO. The second chapter examines the legal status of the Permanent Observer and the Mission of the Holy See at the United Nations in view of relevant special law; the development of CIC canons in the process of the revision of the Code of Canon Law and the reform of the Roman Curia; the important characteristics of the post of papal legate as ecclesiastical office; the presence of laity in the context of pontifical representation. The third chapter is a study of the range of involvement of the Holy See in the United Nations, its agencies and related bodies throughout the world, more specifically in New York, Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi and other UN centres. This chapter reviews the extensive work undertaken by these UN bodies and the specifics of the Holy See's involvement. The fourth chapter focuses on the work of the Permanent Observer of the Holy See in the context of the mission of the Church, as expressed in c. 747, §2; current diplomatic directions of the activity of Permanent Observers. Insights are presented into a possible expansion of the role and function of pontifical legates, especially in application of their leadership and mediation skills in light of the transformative and internal reform process underway at the United Nations and the world diplomatic community. © Roman A. Melnyk, Ottawa, Canada, 2008 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents i-iii Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations v-vi Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Holy See and the Early Years of the United Nations 1.0 Introduction 7 1.1 The Holy See and the Italian State (1870-1929) 8 1.2 World War II, Post-war Peace and the United Nations 15 1.3 The Holy See and the First Emerging UN Agencies: FAOandUNESCO 29 1.3.1 Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 29 1.3.2 Rome: World Food Programme (WFP) 39 1.3.3 Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 41 1.3.4 Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 42 1.4 Conclusion 51 Chapter Two: Pontifical Legation to the United Nations 2.0 Introduction 53 2.1 Legal Foundations of Pontifical Legation to the United Nations 54 2.1.1 International Personality of the Holy See 55 2.1.2 Diplomatic Status of Holy See Permanent Observer Mission at the United Nations 68 2.1.3 Diplomatic Status of the Holy See Permanent Observer at the United Nations Headquarters in New York 75 2.2 Pontifical Legates as Representatives of the Roman Pontiff 76 2.2.1 Recent Legislation on Papal Representatives 77 2.2.1.1 The Reform of the Roman Curia- Apostolic Constitution Pastor bonus 77 2.2.1.2 Post-Vatican II Special Law for Pontifical Legates 81 2.2.1.3 Development of Canons on Pontifical Legates in the Process of the Revision of the Code of Canon Law 86 2.2.1.4 Special Regulations for Pontifical Representatives 89 2.2.2 Ecclesiastical Office of Pontifical Legates 93 2.2.3 Lay Persons as Pontifical Representatives 101 2.2.4 Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and Pontifical Representation 105 2.3 Conclusion 109 11 Chapter Three: Permanent Observer Missions of the Holy See at the United Nations: New York, Geneva and Vienna 3.0 Introduction 112 3.1 New York: Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See at the United Nations Organization (New York Headquarters) 113 3.2 Geneva: Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See at the UN and Specialized Agencies at Geneva (UNOG) 118 3.2.1 International Labour Organization (ILO) 121 3.2.2 World Health Organization (WHO) 124 3.2.3 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 128 3.2.4 World Trade Organization (WTO) 130 3.2.5 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 133 3.2.6 UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) ... 135 3.2.7 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 136 3.2.8 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 137 3.2.9 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 138 3.3 Vienna: Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See at the UN and Specialized Agencies at Vienna (UNOV) 140 3.3.1 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 142 3.3.2 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission (CTBTO) 146 3.3.3 UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) 149 3.3.4 UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) 151 3.3.5 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 152 3.4 Additional Holy See Representatives at UN Bodies: UN-Habitat, UNEP, UNWTO, IMO, ICAO, UPU 154 3.5 Conclusion 156 Chapter Four: The Holy See Missions at the United Nations in the Service of Humanity 4.0 Introduction 157 4.1 Mission of the Permanent Observer in the Context of c. 747, §2 157 4.2 Contemporary Directions of the Activity of Permanent Observers at the United Nations 171 4.3 The Permanent Observer and Current Issues Before the UN 181 4.3.1 Holy See Mission at the United Nations in Defence of Peace .. 183 4.3.2 Conflict Resolution and Emergence of Preventative Diplomacy 188 4.3.3 Global Warming and the Ethical Aspects of Biotechnological Research ... 199 4.4 Expanded Modes of Participation in the Mission of the Holy See at the United Nations 203 4.5 Conclusion 206 iii Conclusions 208 Appendices 218 Bibliography 221 Curriculum vitae 264 IV Acknowledgments I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Canon Law - Dr. Roland Jacques, OMI; my thesis supervisor - Dr. Wojciech Kowal, OMI; and to all the faculty and staff for their patience and encouragement during my period of study, research and thesis preparation. Sincere thanks to Beverly Kavanaugh, Executive Assistant to the Dean, for her assistance with the daily administrative needs of canon law students, including myself.