The Life of Daoxuan: According to Others and in His Own Words and in His Own Others to According Daoxuan: of The Life THE LIFE OF DAOXUAN According to Others and in His Own Words Ang Zou Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Oosterse talen en culturen Ang Zou THE LIFE OF DAOXUAN: ACCORDING TO OTHERS AND IN HIS OWN WORDS Ang Zou Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Oosterse talen en culturen 2018 Promotor Prof. dr. Ann Heirman Vakgroep Talen en Culturen Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle THE LIFE OF DAOXUAN: ACCORDING TO OTHERS AND IN HIS OWN WORDS Ang Zou Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Oosterse talen en culturen 2018 THE LIFE OF DAOXUAN: ACCORDING TO OTHERS AND IN HIS OWN WORDS TABLE OF CONTENT The Life of Daoxuan ................................................................................................................. 1 Part Ⅰ .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Ⅰ. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 I.1 Locating the Sources ............................................................................................................. 3 I.2 Organizing and Classifying the Primary Sources ................................................................. 5 Table 1: The Master Table ......................................................................................................... 6 Table 2: Classification of the Sources ...................................................................................... 14 The Life of Daoxuan ............................................................................................................... 18 Part Ⅱ ...................................................................................................................................... 18 According to Others ............................................................................................................... 18 Ⅱ.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18 II.2 First-hand Information ....................................................................................................... 21 Ⅱ.3 Stable Information ............................................................................................................. 34 Ⅱ.4 A Flood of Information ...................................................................................................... 35 Ⅱ.5 Summarizing the Information ............................................................................................ 64 Ⅱ.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 87 The Life of Daoxuan ............................................................................................................... 90 Part III ..................................................................................................................................... 90 In His Own Words ................................................................................................................. 90 III.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 90 III.2 Daoxuan’s Works ............................................................................................................. 91 Table 3: The Extant Works of Daoxuan and Works Listed in Da Tang neidian lu ................. 93 III.3 Daoxuan’s Family ............................................................................................................ 99 III.4 Daoxuan’s Monastic Life ............................................................................................... 101 III.4.1 The Length of Daoxuan’s Career ................................................................................ 101 III.4.2 Daoxuan’s Teachers .................................................................................................... 111 Table 4: Different Terms for Teacher or Master in the Vinaya Texts .................................... 111 Table 5: Daoxuan and His Teachers ...................................................................................... 113 Ⅲ.4.2.1 Master Huiyun ......................................................................................................... 114 i III.4.2.2 Master Zhishou ........................................................................................................ 116 III.4.2.3 Master Fali ............................................................................................................... 120 III.4.2.4 Master Huixiu .......................................................................................................... 120 III.4.2.5 Master Zhichao ........................................................................................................ 121 III.4.2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 122 III.4.3 Daoxuan’s Travels....................................................................................................... 123 Table 6: Daoxuan’s Travels ................................................................................................... 125 III.4.4 Daoxuan’s Conversations with the Devas .................................................................. 131 Table 7: The Names of the Four Heavenly Kings .................................................................. 132 III.4.4.1 The Time and Location of the Conversations .......................................................... 134 III.4.4.2 The Nature of the Conversations .............................................................................. 134 Table 8: The Names of the Devas in Daoxuan’s Works ........................................................ 136 III.4.4.3 The Previous and Future Lives of Daoxuan ............................................................. 137 III.4.4.4 Questions and Answers ............................................................................................ 139 III.4.4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 140 III.4.5 Daoxuan’s Relations with Other Tang Masters .......................................................... 141 III.4.5.1 Master Falin ............................................................................................................. 141 III.4.5.2 Master Xuanzang ..................................................................................................... 144 III.4.5.2.1 The Translation Team ........................................................................................... 144 Table 9: The Translation Team .............................................................................................. 144 III.4.5.2.2 The Ximing Monastery ......................................................................................... 149 III.4.5.2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 150 The Life of Daoxuan ............................................................................................................. 151 Part IV ................................................................................................................................... 151 Daoxuan’s Hufa Activities ................................................................................................... 151 IV.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 151 IV.2 The Term Explained: What is Hufa? ............................................................................. 152 Table 10: The Hufa masters in Xu gaoseng zhuan ................................................................. 153 IV.3 Fighting Fu Yi’s Anti-Buddhist Proposal ...................................................................... 156 IV.3.1 Historical Background ................................................................................................ 157 IV.3.2 Fu Yi and His Anti-Buddhist Proposal ....................................................................... 157 Table 11: Fu Yi’s Anti-Buddhist Proposal ............................................................................. 162 IV.3.3 Religious Policy during the Wude Era ........................................................................ 167 Table 12: Gaozu’s Sha tai Decree .......................................................................................... 170 IV.3.4 Daoxuan’s Response ................................................................................................... 172 IV.3.4.1 Questioning Fu Yi’s Personality .............................................................................. 172 IV.3.4.2 Counter-attacking Fu Yi’s Arguments ..................................................................... 175 ii IV.4 Protesting against Gaozong’s Decrees ........................................................................... 178 Table 13: Gaozong’s Decrees and Daoxuan’s Responses ....................................................