Movement in Minimalism, Class 6: 2.1 Intervening DPs ¯ Diagnosing A- and A-movement . A-movement¯ can always cross intervening DPs. July 25, LSA Summer Institute 2017 (1) A-movement¯ crosses DPs: a. Who did you talk to ? b. the man [that Jess said [Kim talked to ]] 1 The problem of the A/A-distinction¯ . A-movement often cannot cross an intervening DP. In the minimalist view, all structure-building is achieved by Merge. (2) A-movement doesn’t cross DPs: = All else being equal, all movement should make use of the same mecha- nisms) , and be subject to the same constraints. a. It seems [Jess has seen Kim]. b. *Kim seems [Jess to have seen ]. c. I showed Sam a book. Problem: There are many different types of movement! d. *A book was shown Sam . (except in some British English varieties!) . Wh-movement . extraposition . topicalization . Heavy NP shift A well-known point of variation: . relativization . particle shift English allows raising across experiencers: . passivization . scrambling . raising . ... (3) Raising across experiencers: a. Jess seems to Kim [ to be smart]. A particularly clear instance of this problem arises with the A/A-distinction¯ , or b. Jess struck Kim [as clever]. the observation that there are two classes of movements that show a consistent set of correlated properties, which goes back at least to Postal (1971). But other languages don’t: . A-movement: passivization, raising, A-scrambling (4) Raising across experiencers is blocked in Italian: . A-movement:¯ wh-movement, relativization, topicalization, A-scrambling¯ a. Sembra a Maria che Gianni è stanco. seems to Maria that Gianni is tired ‘It seems to Maria that Gianni is tired.’ Focus today: What properties correlate with the A/A-distinction?¯ b. Gianni sembra (*a Maria) [ essere stanco]. Gianni seems to Maria to.be tired ‘Gianni seems (to Maria) to be tired.’ (Rizzi 1986) 2 Locality One of the most striking difference between A- and A-movement¯ is their local- 2.2 Escaping DPs ity signature: . A-movement¯ can escape a DP. A-movement¯ can cross or escape a DP, but A-movement cannot (most of (5) A-movement¯ out of a DP: the time) a. Who did you see [DP a picture of ]? . A-movement¯ can escape finite clauses, but A-movement cannot (most of b. What did you observe [DP the destruction of ]? the time) 1 . A-movement cannot escape a DP. (10) Raising only out of a finite clause in Zulu: a. ku-bonakala [CP ukuthi iqhina i-zo-phuma embizeni]. (6) A-movement is banned out of a DP: 17s-seem that 5steinbok 5s-fut-exit 3cooking.pot ‘It seems that the secret will come out.’ a. *Sam was seen [ a picture of ]. DP b. iqhina li-bonakala [ ukuthi i-zo-phuma b. *The city was observed [ the destruction of ]. CP DP 5steinbok 5s-seem that 5s-fut-exit embizeni]. Again, languages vary in this regard. In a number of languages, like Nez 3cooking.pot Perce, possessor raising is available: ‘It seems that the secret will come out.’ (lit. ‘It seems that the steinbok will leave the cooking pot.’) (7) Possessor raising in Nez Perce: c.* iqhina li-bonakala [ uku-phuma embizeni]. 5 5s inf 3 a. Angel-nim Tatlo-na paa-‘yaxna’ny-aˆ [ taaqmaal]. steinbok -seem -exit cooking.pot Angel-erg Tatlo-obj 3/3-find-rem.past hat.nom ‘It seems that the secret will come out.’ ‘Angel found Tatlo’s hat.’ (lit. ‘It seems that the steinbok will leave the cooking pot.’) b. ’ew-’niiyey’-se Angel-ne [ pike] taaqmaal. (Halpert 2015:6) 3obj-give-imperf Angel-obj mother.nom hat.nom ‘I’m giving Angel’s mother a hat.’ *I’m giving the mother Angel’s hat.’ 2.4 Improper movement (Deal 2013:399,403) The ban on A-movement out a finite clause has often been linked to an or- dering asymmetry between A- and A-movement.¯ A-movement¯ can follow A-movement, but A-movement cannot follow A-movement:¯ 2.3 Escaping clauses (11) a. Who was hugged? . A-movement¯ can escape a finite clause. b. Who seems [ is smart]? One of the famous properties of A-movement¯ in that it can escape all types (12) Ban on improper movement: ¯ of clauses in many languages: A-movement cannot follow A-movement. (8) A-movement¯ out of a clause: a. Who did Jess say [that Kim saw ]? 3 What phrases move b. Who does it seem [ is smart]? . A-movement¯ is not restricted in category and permits pied-piping . A-movement (often) cannot escape a finite clause. A-movement is mainly limited to DPs and does not allow pied-piping In contrast, A-movement is often limited to non-finite clauses: 3.1 Restriction to nominals (9) A-movement only out of a non-finite clause in English: . A-movement¯ displays no categorial restriction. a. Jess seems [ to be smart]. b. *Jess seems [ is smart]. Like A-movement, A-movement¯ is possible with DP of all types: c. Jess was believed [ to be smart]. d. *Jess was believed [ is smart]. (13) A-movement¯ of simplex and complex DP: a. [Which student] did Jess see ? However, languages like Zulu do permit raising out of a finite clause: b. [Who] did Jess say [she saw ]? 2 Adjectives and adverbs also undergo A-movement¯ (in English just predica- b.[ DP The president] is Kim. tive adjectives, because of the ban on Left Branch Extraction): c.[ DP The president] seems [ to be Kim]. (14) A-movement¯ of adjectives and adverbs: Then we can see that A-movement of an adjective is banned as well: a.[ AdjP How proud of Sam] are you ? b.[ AdvP When] did Casey say [she was singing ]? (20) No A-movement of AdjP predicate: a. Jess is [AdjP proud of Lee]. A-movement¯ of PPs is also fine, both of arguments and adjuncts: b.[ AdjP Proud of Lee] is Jess. c.*[ AdjP Proud of Lee] seems [ to be Jess]. (15) A-movement¯ of PP: a.[ PP To whom] did you give the book ? A-movement of a PP is also generally banned: b.[ PP Under the table], Jess said [that Kim is sleeping ]. (21) No A-movement of PP: And you can front VPs and CPs as well (remember also the examples of a.*[ To Kim] seemed [ that it was raining]. VP/CP pied-piping from last week!): PP CP b.*[ PP Under the table] was slept. (16) A-movement¯ of VP and CP: However, there are cases of Locative Inversion, in which a PP occupies a.[ VP Criticize Lee] I never will . the subject position (22a–b). Further A-movement is also possible (22c–d): b.[ CP That Sasha is smart], Kim said [he wouldn’t admit ]. (22) Locative inversion: = Every category can in principle undergo A-movement.¯ 1 ) a.[ PP Down the hill] rolled a ball. b.[ PP To Kim] was given a book. A-movement is restricted to nominals. c.[ PP Down the hill] seemed [ to roll a ball]. A-movement can be distinguished from A-movement¯ in that it is generally d.[ PP To Kim] seemed [ to have been given a book]. restricted to nominals, like (17a–b). There is no A-movement of VP, for example in a passive: (17) A-movement of simplex and complex DP: (23) No A-movement of VP: a.[ DP The student] was spotted in the library. a.*[ Criticized Lee] will have . b.[ DP She] seems [ to be very smart]. VP b.*[ VP Slept] will have been . A-movement of adverbs is impossible: Complement clauses appear to be able to participate in A-movement: (18) No A-movement of adverbs: (24) Passive and raising of CP: a.*[ AdjP Loudly] was screamed . b.*[ AdvP Clearly] seemed [that it was raining]. a.[ CP That Sasha is smart] seems [ to be true]. b.[ CP That the world is round] is widely believed . Only predicative adjectives allow A-movement,¯ so we have to look at environments in which predicates can A-move, like (19a–c): However, it has been questioned whether CPs really occupy argument positions, and not a dummy pronoun (e.g. Koster 1978; Alrenga 2005): (19) A-movement of DP predicate: a. Kim is [DP the president]. (25) CPs don’t occupy an argument positions: a. *I believed [ that the world is round] [ to be true]. 1Although there may be locality restrictions that prevent certain constituents from ever moving CP (see, for example, Abels 2003 on TP fronting). b. *Is [CP that the world is round] true? 3 (See Claire’s class for much more!) = A-movement is categorically restricted, and only generally produc- I’ll argue for the following picture: tive) with nominals. A-movement¯ does not establish new binding relations, but permits corefer- ence (see also Ruys 2004; Safir 2015) 3.2 Pied-piping . A-movement can feed binding (except when it doesn’t) . A-movement¯ displays pied-piping. One of the distinctive properties of A-movement¯ is that a phrase undergo- 4.1 Strong and Weak Crossover ¯ ing A-movement can drag along material it is contained in. A-movement¯ shows crossover effects (Postal 1971; Wasow 1972), of at A-phrases¯ can pied-pipe prepositions, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs: least two types: Strong Crossover and Weak Crossover: (26) Pied-piping of various categories: (29) Strong Crossover: a.[ PP To [DP whom]] did you give a book ? a. Whoi believes shei is smart? b.[ DP [DP Whose] book] did Jess read ? b. *Whoi does shei believe [ is smart]? c.[ AdjP [How] proud of Jess] is Lee ? (30) Weak Crossover: d.[ AdvP [How] silently] did they chase each other ? a.