Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta FACULTY OF ARTS AND EDUCATION MASTER’S THESIS Programme of study: Joint Master in Migration 4th semester, 2011 and Intercultural Relations Open Author: Sanjiwani Gharti ………………………………………… (Author’s signature) Person with academic responsibility: Supervisor: Gunnar Nerheim Thesis title: Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution, A case study of Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta Keywords: Bhutanese refugees, resettlement, No. of pages: 102 integration, acculturation and identity + appendices/other: 15 Stavanger, Norway Date/year - 17/11/2011 1 Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta, Norway Submitted by: Sanjiwani Gharti University of Stavanger Joint Masters in Migration and Intercultural Relations Department of Education and Sport Science 2011 2 Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta UNIVERSITY OF STAVANGER FACULTY OF ARTS AND EDUCATION Obligatory statement (to be attached to all submitted written work) I/we confirm that all the points listed below apply to the written work submitted for the following course: MMIMAS-2 Joint Masters in Migration and Intercultural Relations course code course title 1. It has not been submitted before as course work, either at the University of Stavanger or any other educational institution. 2. It does not reproduce the work of other people unless properly referenced. 3. It does not reproduce the student‟s own earlier work unless this is properly indicated by a reference. 4. All references and sources (including Internet sources) are listed in a bibliography. 5. All cited text is clearly marked by quotes or indenting, and provided with a reference to the source. I/we understand that any breach of these rules will be considered plagiarism. Plagiarism or attempts at plagiarism will be dealt with in accordance to the Norwegian Law of Universities and Colleges (Lov om universiteter og høgskoler), §§ 54, no. 1 b and 42, no. 3. I grant permission to the University of Stavanger to make use of this written work for research or teaching purposes (tick box): Yes: No: Place/date: 16/11/2011 Signature(s): ________________________________________________________ 3 Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta List of figure Figure 2.1: Bhutan’s flag ....................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 2.2: Bhutan’s map ...................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 2.3: Agriculture in Bhutan .......................................................................................................... 29 Figure 2.4: Druk culture ........................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 2.5: Bhutanese girls and boys in traditional dress ........................................................................ 33 Figure 2.6: Bhutanese food ................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 2.7: Lhotshampas ....................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 2.8: Sel roti and Gundruk ........................................................................................................... 37 Figure 2.9: Lhotshampas in traditional dress ......................................................................................... 38 Figure 2.10: Bhutanese refugees camp location in Nepal ...................................................................... 41 Figure 2.11: Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees in Norway ................................................................ 45 Figure 3.1: Berry’s Acculturation model ............................................................................................... 58 Figure 4.1: Bhutanese refugees in refugee camp ................................................................................... 60 Figure 4.2: Age group of respondents ................................................................................................... 63 Figure 4.3: Marital status of respondents ............................................................................................. 63 Figure 4.4: Respondents who are taking introductory course ................................................................ 64 Figure 4.5: Fluency in Norwegian language ........................................................................................... 67 Figure 4.6: Economic condition of Respondents .................................................................................... 75 Figure 4.7: Saving among respondents ................................................................................................. 76 Figure 4.8: Satisfaction of respondents in their income or grants ......................................................... 76 Figure 4.9: Access to nationality ........................................................................................................... 79 Figure 4.10: Education level of respondents ......................................................................................... 81 Figure 4.11: Occupation ....................................................................................................................... 82 4 Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta Figure 4.12: Social contacts with Norwegian ......................................................................................... 83 Figure 4.13: Participation in social gathering ......................................................................................... 84 Figure 4.14: Anti-discrimination ........................................................................................................... 86 5 Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta List of Abbreviations UDI Norwegian Directorate for Immigration UNHCR United National High Commissioner for Refugees IOM International Organization for Migration NAV The Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration IMDI The Directorate of Integration and Diversity AID Ministry of Labor and Social Inclusion MFA Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6 Sanjiwani Gharti Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees: a misery or solution A case study on Bhutanese refugees from Rogaland and Alta Table of Contents 1. Chapter I: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 14 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Statement of the problem ..................................................................................................... 19 1.3. Research Question ................................................................................................................. 19 1.4. Theory ................................................................................................................................... 20 1.5. Objective ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.6. Importance of the study ........................................................................................................ 21 1.7. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 21 1.7.1. Research site selection ..................................................................................................... 21 1.7.2. Nature and source of data ................................................................................................ 21 1.8. Research plan ........................................................................................................................ 23 1.9. Data processing and analysis ................................................................................................. 23 1.10. Limitation of the study ........................................................................................................... 24 1.11. Existing studies on Bhutanese refugees.................................................................................. 24 1.12. Experience during the data collection .................................................................................... 25 2. Chapter II: Social and historical Context of the Bhutanese refugees ....................................... 27 2.1. A general introduction about Bhutan ..................................................................................... 27 2.1.1. Geography ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.1.2. Economy .........................................................................................................................