REC-ERC-72-33 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION AND AERATION IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS - ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Dale Toetz Jerry Wilhm Oklahoma State University Robert Summerfelt Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit October 1972 U. S. Department of the Interior Prepared for Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado 80225 MS-230 (8-70) Bureau of Reclamation 1. REPORT NO. REC-ERC-72-33 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE Biological Effects of Artificial Destratification Oct 72 and Aeration in Lakes and Reservoirs-Analysis 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE and Bibliography 7. AUTHOR(S} 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Dale Toetz, Jerry Wilhm, and Robert Summerfelt REC-ERC-72-33 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 and 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Order Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit Nos. 12-D-2121 and -2122 Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED • SPONSORING ENCY N ME AND ADDRESS Engineering and Research Center Bureau of Reclamation Denver, Colorado 80225 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT The state of the art of research concerning the biological effects of reaeration and destratification is described, with emphasis on lakes and reservoirs. Research needs are discussed, based on this review. Useful descriptions of methods and devices for reaeration and destratification and a comprehensive annotated bibliography of 337 references are included. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS a. DESCR IPTORS--1 *water quality/ chemical properties/ *reaeration/ water quality control/ aeration/ aquatic environment/ *reservoirs/ *lakes/ mixing/ biological properties/ *reviews/ *bibliographies/ *environmental effects b. IDENTIFIERS-- I *destratification (thermal) c. COSATI Field/Group 13B 8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 1. NO. OF PAGE (THIS REPORT) Available from the National Technical Information Service, Operations UNCLASSIF ED 117 Division, Springfield, Virginia 22151. 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. PRICE (THIS PAGE) UNCLASSIFIED REC-ERC-72-33 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION AND AERATION IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS - ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY by Dale Toetz Jerry Wilhm Robert Summerfelt October 1972 Prepared under .Bureau of Reclamation Orders No. 12-D-2121 and ·2122 Department of Zoology Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR * BUREAU OF RECLAMATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT This report was prepared as a cooperative effort between members of the ~oology Department at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, and the Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit. It is Contribt~tion 493, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University. Messrs. Larry Bowles, Jeffery N. Johnson, and Michael Mnich conducted the literature search and Mrs. Steve Daniels and Mrs, Dale Toetz assembled the bibliography. Mr. Howard Jarrell and the Research Foundation of Oklahoma State University provided secretarial as$istance. We also thank the librarians of the Oklahoma State University. The names of the authors of the respective sections of the report are given in footnotes. The remainder of the report is a joint effort. The Science Information Exchange provided descriptions of current research activi­ ty. The report was published by the Bureau of Reclamation. We thank the scientists who responded to our request for literature. We are especially indebted to Drs. Hein(; Bernhardt, Arlo Fast, Kenneth Malueg, Lowell Leach, James Symons, E. A. Thomas, and Thomas Wirth. We also thank the many individt~als and publishers, who granted permission to use their figures. The report was reviewed by the Reaeration Research Program Management Team of the Bureau of Recla­ mation. Minor editorial revisions were made. FOREWORD This report was developed through a professional services agreement with the authors, under the general direction of the Reaeration Research Program Management Team, Bureau of Reclamation. This report represents one phase of a comprehensive program of research in reaeration and control of dissolved gases. The results and conclusions of this report will be used in desighing biological monitoring programs for field applications of reaeration and destratification. · CITATION As a conveniehce to the reader we recommend the following format in citing sections of this report: Author last name, Author first initial, 1972. Title of section. pp . IN: Toetz, Summerfelt and Wilhm. Biological Effects of Artificial Destratification in Lakes and , Reservoirs-- Analysis and Bibliography. Bureau of Reclamation Report REC-ERC-72- 33, U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver, Colorado. CONTENTS Page Purpose . Artificial Destratificati·on Reasons Methods Mechanical pumping 1 Injection of diffused air 1 Aero-hydraulics gun 2 Aeration Devices 3 Local Aeration of Lake 3 Hypolimnetic Aeration 3 Spray on Ice 3 Submerged Weirs 4 Turbine Aeration 4 Selective Withdrawal 4 Aeration in Penstock 4 Other Methods . 4 Biological Effects of Artificial Destratification 4 Observations . 4 Physical Factors anc:! Biogeochemistry 5 Mixing effects · .. 5 Mechanical pumping 5 Compressed air 5 Temperature 6 Basic studies 6 Applied studies 8 Oxygen 9 Basic studies 9 Applied studies 10 Oxidation and Organic Matter 12 Alkalinity, C02 and pH 13 Basic studies 13 Applied studies 13 Transparency 14 Basic studies 14 Applied studies 14 CONTENTS-Continued Page Conductivity and Major Cations and Anions 14 Basic ·studies 14 Applied studies 15 Sulfur 15 Basic studies • Ill •• 15 Applied studies 15 Manganese and Iron 16 Basic studies 16 Applied studies 16 Silicon ... 16 Basic studies 16 Applied studies 17 Other Elements 17 Nitrogen 17 Basic studies 17 Applied studies 17 Phosphorus 18 Basic studies 18 Applied studies 19 Conclusions on Physical Factors and Biogeochemistry 19 Alg~e . ..... 19 Basic studies 19 Applied studies 19 Conclusions . 22 Other Microorganisms 22 Zooplankton 22 Basic studies -22 Applied studies 22 Conclusions . 23 Benthic Macroinvertebrates 23 Basic ·studies 23 Applied studies 25 Chironomids 26 Chaoborinae 26 Ephemeroptera 26 ii CONTENTS-Continued Page Oligochaeta . ; . • ; • . 27 Other benthic macroinvettebrates 27 Conclusions 21 Fish· 28 Basic studies 28 Fish distribution 28 Summerkills 29 Applied studies 31 Artificial destratification 31 Hypolimnetic aeration 32 Ice cover and winterkill 33 EffectS of Impoundments on Stream._ Invertebrates and Fishes 34 Basic studies 34 Applied studies 35 Conciusions 35 Downstream Effects of Artificial Desttatification 35 Effects of lnstream Aeration 36 Research Needs 36 Bibliography Preface 38 Bibliography 39 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Design of pump; pontoort, and engine of a mechanical pump used for artificial destratification by Irwin, et al. (1966) 1 2 The diffuse air injection system at El Capitan Reservoir1 California . • · . • . • . , , • 2 3 Side view of the floating aerator of Riddick (1957) showing velocities of upwelling water . • 2 4 Aerator used at Erdman Lake by Johnson (1966) 2 5 An Aero-Hydraulics cannon . • . 3 6 The new hypolimnetic aerator of Bernhardt 3 7 Hypothetical destratification patterns caused by a diffused aeration system . • • • • • . • • .. , . , 6 8 Cross section of a plume of water rising from a point source 6 9 Before and after effect of hypolimtietic aeration on disttibu· tion of dissolved oxygen . • . • • • • 7 10 Generalized seasonal profiles of temperature ar1d oxygen in a dimictic lake • • . • . • . , 7 iii CONTENTS-Continued Figure Page 11 Influence of inflow-outflow relations on the extent of the thermocline in two adjacent lakes . 8 12 Vertical distril;lution of temperature and oxygen in Lake Wohlford, California, before (upper panel) and after (lower panel) lake aeration . 8 13 Vertical distribution of temperature and dissolvep oxygen in an ice covered lake (Cox Hollow, Wis.) . 9 14 Heterograde type distributions of dissolved oxygen illustrating ·(A) an oxygen maximum (B) an oxygen minimum 10 15 Generalized profiles of pH, carbon dioxide, and alkalinity in a stratified lake . 13 16 Vertical distribution of temperature, oxygen, sulfate, and hydrogen sulfide in a stratified lake . 15 17 Vertical distribution of Mn in Cox Hollow Lake, Wisconsin, during 1966 . 16 18 Vertical distribution of nitrite (right) and nitrate (left) in Cox Hollow Lake, Wisconsin during 1966 . • . 18 19 Transparency, biomass, and 14c productivity in Section Four Lake, Michigan, before lake aeration (1969) and during lake aeration ( 1970) . • . 21 iv PURPOSE 3. Mixing is a random intermingling of components which do not lose their individual identities. The literature survey was conducted to summarize information on the virtual and potential impact of Artificial destratification will usually bring about aera­ artificial destratification and/or aeration on the ecol­ tion and mixing. But, aeration and mixing may be ogy of natural and manmade lakes and of rivers and induced in unstratified bodies of water as well. There streams. are three basic techniques used to destratify a lake. Mechanical pumping. -Water may be simply pumped ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION from the bottom to the top (Hopper, Ball and Tanner, 1953; Anon, 1.965-1966; Ridley, Cooley and Steel, Reasons 1966; and Irwin, Symons and Robeck, 1966) or vice versa (Grim, 1952). Figure 1 shows a side view of the Tl;le main intent in destratifying a lake is to improve mechanical pump used by Irwin et al. (1966) to bring