CHAPTER 4.6 Energy 4.6.1 Introduction This chapter describes the existing conditions relating to energy within the area of the Proposed Project. Section 4.6.2, “Environmental Setting” describes the regional and project area environmental setting as it relates to energy resources. Section 4.6.3, “Regulatory Framework” details the federal, state, and local laws related to energy. Potential impacts to these resources resulting from the Proposed Project are analyzed in Section 4.6.4, “Impact Analysis” in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) significance criteria (CEQA Guidelines, Appendix G) and mitigation measures are proposed that could reduce, eliminate, or avoid such impacts. Other impacts related to energy include those associated with greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) discussed in Chapter 4.8, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change. 4.6.2 Environmental Setting Sonoma County Water Agency Energy Programs As the water provider to more than 600,000 residents in Sonoma and Marin counties, operator of wastewater treatment facilities, manager of flood protection in many areas throughout Sonoma County, and generator of electric power, the Water Agency is one of the largest electricity users in Sonoma County. In response to its large carbon footprint, in 2006, the Water Agency began working to achieve a carbon-neutral electricity supply by the year 2015. Energy Policy and “Carbon Free Water” Campaign The Board of Directors adopted the Water Agency’s Energy Policy in March 2011, which sets the guidelines for the Water Agency’s energy-related projects and regional, collaborative innovations and lays the groundwork for a comprehensive program of water-use efficiency, system efficiency, and development and purchase of renewable energy sources. Energy use can be decreased by reducing demand for water and reducing the volume of wastewater generated. By increasing water conservation, the Water Agency can pump less water and wastewater and use less energy. Ongoing water conservation initiatives have helped reduce water deliveries throughout the region by approximately 20.7% since 2006 (Sonoma County Water Agency 2015). Water conservation initiatives include public awareness campaigns, programs targeting conversion to low water-use landscaping, and rebates and direct install programs for low water-use fixtures. The Water Agency also continues efforts to reduce energy use throughout the water system through the implementation of efficiency upgrades. Energy efficiency measures include replacing old electric motors and fine-tuning system operations. Additionally the Operations and Maintenance Building and Services Center were retrofitted with highly efficient heating, Fish Habitat Flows Draft EIR and Water Rights Project 4.6-1 Energy ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) supplied by ground-source and pond-loop heat pump systems which reduce HVAC energy use by 50 percent. In addition to reducing energy use through conservation and efficiency, the Water Agency pursued expansion of its energy production facilities. In 2006, the Water Agency initiated the installation of a 500kW photovoltaic system at its administrative building. The following year, another 500kW photovoltaic system was installed at the Airport-Larkfield- Wikiup Sanitation Zone Treatment Plant and a 930 kW system was installed at the Sonoma Valley County Sanitation District Treatment Plant. In 2009, the Water Agency began using electricity generated by the existing hydroelectric facilities at Warm Springs Dam rather than selling it to Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) (Sonoma County Water Agency 2015). Two years later, the Water Agency contracted to use all of the electricity produced by the 2005 Landfill Gas Power Plant, approximately 3 MW (Sonoma County Waste Management District 2016). The Water Agency is actively planning additional photovoltaic systems, including up to 12.5 MW of floating solar on recycled water storage ponds. The majority of the power produced by this network of floating solar will be purchased by Sonoma Clean Power, reducing emissions for the region as a whole (Sonoma County Water Agency 2015). Additionally, in 2015, the Water Agency contracted to procure 100 percent of its electricity needs through renewable and carbon-free resources such as hydroelectric and landfill gas from the Power and Water Resources Pooling Authority (PWRPA), geothermal from Sonoma Clean Power (SCP) and its own solar photovoltaic sources, achieving a carbon neutral electricity supply for all its power accounts, including its water supply system, wastewater systems, and buildings. Figure 4.6.1 illustrates energy sources for Water Agency operations in 2015 (Sonoma County Water Agency 2016). SCP Geothermal SCWA PV 5% 6% PWRPA Large Hydro 7% PWRPA Warm Springs Dam 27% PWRPA Landfill Gas 55% Figure 4.6.1. Sonoma County Water Agency Electric Energy Sources, 2015 (Source: SCWA 2015) Fish Habitat Flows Draft EIR and Water Rights Project 4.6-2 Energy Hydroelectric Facilities at Warm Springs Dam A hydroelectric turbine was installed in Warm Springs Dam in the late 1980s, a few years after the dam was completed. The turbine is capable of generating 2.6 MW but generally averages approximately 1.3 MW. Energy production varies according to the flow of water through the dam. Average annual energy production totals approximately 13.55 Gigawatt hours (GWh). The Water Agency collaborates with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the operation of the hydroelectric facility at the dam (SCWA 2016). Prior to 2009, electricity produced at the dam was sold to Pacific Gas & Electric. Starting in 2009, however, the Water Agency began selling this hydroelectricity to PWRPA and, thereby, contributing it to the pool of renewable energy provided by PWRPA for Water Agency operations (Roberts March 7, 2016). Hydroelectric Facilities at Coyote Valley Dam The Lake Mendocino Hydroelectric Plant was completed in 1986 (National Marine Fisheries Service September 24, 2008), nearly three decades after the completion of Coyote Valley Dam in 1958 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers site updated 23 Feb 2015). The hydroelectric facility became dormant in 1998 due to various design and operational restrictions but was upgraded with more modern equipment (Source California Energy Services 2016) and became operational again in 2007 (Grandi, Mel pers. comm. June 28, 2016 n.d.). Owned and operated by the City of Ukiah, the powerhouse can generate up to 3.5 MW with two turbine/generator units, with capacities of 2.5 and 1 MW. The power plant has a maximum flowrate of 450-500 cfs and can generate power for a maximum release of 1,500 cfs without a significant reduction in power generation from Coyote Valley Dam. All water diverted by the power plant is returned to the river immediately downstream of the power plant (Bond June 10, 2016). The facility operates under a 50-year license issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on April 1, 1982 (National Marine Fisheries Service September 24, 2008). The City of Ukiah is a member of the Northern California Power Agency (NCPA), a joint powers agency which owns and operates various power generation plants and provides power to its members. In conjunction with the other NCPA members, the City of Ukiah’s Electric Department co-owns generation plants throughout Northern California and, through that ownership, approximately 57 percent of the energy Ukiah supplied in 2014 was carbon free. These carbon free generation plants include geothermal plants, the Calaveras Hydro Project, and hydroelectric power contracts with the Western Area Power Administration. The hydroelectric facility at Coyote Valley Dam supplements the City’s energy resources with renewable energy. The plant’s electricity is routed directly into the City’s power distribution system and is not restricted by transmission congestion or high voltage line restrictions. Rather, power output is determined by minimum instream flow requirements as well as water supply and flood control needs (Grandi, Mel. pers. comm. July 6, 2016 n.d.). Approximately 50 percent of NCPA power is supplied by sources that do not emit GHGs (Northern California Power Agency 2016). Sonoma Clean Power In 2011, the Water Agency Board of Directors directed Water Agency staff to investigate forming a community choice aggregation entity in response to Sonoma County’s desire for local autonomy, lower rates and cleaner power. In 2012, a joint powers authority was approved by the Board, and Sonoma Clean Power (SCP) was launched. SCP is the new, locally controlled Fish Habitat Flows Draft EIR and Water Rights Project 4.6-3 Energy electricity provider in Sonoma County that provides the option of using power generated by renewable sources at competitive rates. SCP offers an “EverGreen” electricity purchase program which allows customers to choose 100% renewable energy from local geothermal sources. Approximately 37 percent of power provided by Sonoma Clean Power’s default service, CleanStart, originates from renewable sources like geothermal, wind and biomass. This power remains competitively priced compared to power available through PG&E. Electric Vehicles Fleet The Water Agency is part of a Bay Area coalition receiving funding for fleet electric vehicles and charging infrastructure through the Local Government Electric Vehicle Fleet Demonstration Project, a Metropolitan Transportation Commission grant project. Currently, the Water Agency has nearly 30 hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles, which comprise almost 20 percent