Deepa Narayan and Patti Petesch, editors Public Disclosure Authorized Rising from Public Disclosure Authorized the Ashes of Confl ict Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized MOVING OUT OF POVERTY, VOLUME 4 Rising from the Ashes of Conflict About the Series The Moving Out of Poverty series presents the results of new comparative research across more than 500 communities in 15 countries on how and why poor people move out of poverty. The findings lay the foundations for new policies that will promote inclusive growth and just societies, and move millions out of poverty. The series was launched in 2007 under the editorial direction of Deepa Narayan, former senior adviser in the World Bank. She earlier directed the pathbreaking Voices of the Poor project. Titles in the Moving Out of Poverty series: Volume 1 Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Mobility Volume 2 Success from the Bottom Up Volume 3 The Promise of Empowerment and Democracy in India Volume 4 Rising from the Ashes of Conflict Moving Out of Poverty VOLUME 4 Rising from the Ashes of Conflict Deepa Narayan and Patti Petesch, editors A COPUBLICATION OF PALGRAVE MACMILLAN AND THE WORLD BANK ©2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 12 11 10 09 A copublication of The World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and other countries. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judge- ment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permis- sion to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-8213-7631-7 (softcover) eISBN: 978-0-8213-8112-0 ISBN: 978-0-8213-7839-7 (hardcover) DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7631-7 ISSN: None Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. Cover design: Drew Fasick Cover photograph: Adrian Brooks/Imagewise Printed in the United States Dedication To the thousands of women, men, and youth who took the time to share with us their experiences, their hopes, and their dreams and To Amartya Sen for inspiring the Moving Out of Poverty research project and generations of scholars and practitioners to value poor peoples’ aspirations for freedom and dignity Contents Foreword xv Study Team and Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xxi Abbreviations xxv Part 1: Building States from the Bottom Up in Conflict-Affected Countries 1 Deepa Narayan, Denis Nikitin, and Patti Petesch 1 Moving Out of Poverty in Conflict Communities 2 2 First Steps: Security, Law and Order, and Legitimacy 26 3 Democracy: Big “D” and Little “d” 52 4 Nation Building from Below: Identity, Unity, and Civic Engagement 96 5 The Economic Environment 128 6 Aid Strategies: Can Chickens and Miserly Handouts Reduce Poverty? 160 7 Concluding Reflections 182 Part 2: Country Case Studies 191 8 Violence, Forced Displacement, and Chronic Poverty in Colombia 192 Patti Petesch and Vanessa Joan Gray 9 From Milkless Cows to Coconut Trees: Recovery from All-Out War in Mindanao, Philippines 248 Katy Hull and Chona Echavez 10 Disturbing the Equilibrium: Movements Out of Poverty in Conflict-Affected Areas of Indonesia 290 Patrick Barron, Sri Kusumastuti Rahayu, Sunita Varada, and Vita Febriany vii viii Contents 11 Community Well-Being and Household Mobility in Postconflict Cambodia 338 Cambodia Development Resource Institute 12 Sri Lanka: Unequal Mobility in an Ethnic Civil War 376 Patti Petesch and Prashan Thalayasingam 13 Post-Taliban Recovery and the Promise of Community-Driven Development in Afghanistan 418 Deepa Narayan, Emcet Tas, and Philibert de Mercey Part 3: Technical Appendixes 473 A: Researchers and Institutions Involved in Conflict Country Studies 475 B: Overview of Study Methodology 479 C: Data Collection Methods 505 D: List of Variables for Community Regressions 509 E: Weights for the PCA-Constructed Indexes 513 F: Additional Tables for Part 1 515 Index 533 Boxes 3.1 Definitions of democracy in Afghanistan and Indonesia 57 5.1 Militarized dreams of young children in high-conflict La Soledad, Colombia 140 8.1 Partial recovery in Villa Rosa: Alicia’s story 224 8.2 Violence against Co-Agro 234 11.1 Somrampi: The trap of poor governance and continued insecurity 366 13.1 Lack of economic catalysts and postwar collapse in urban Shazimir 440 13.2 Ramili Qali: Giving up poppy in exchange for aid 447 13.3 A gender revolution, yet to come 462 Figures 1.1 MOP by initial poverty level, conflict and nonconflict communities 21 2.1 Trust in local government among movers and chronic poor in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005 33 Contents ix 2.2 Lack of safety in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005 36 2.3 Leading actors involved in conflict and peacemaking in Abanang, Philippines 46 3.1 Democratic structures present in conflict and nonconflict communities, 2005 60 3.2 Democratic structures by conflict and MOP rating, 2005 60 3.3 Optimism about improving conditions in the future 63 3.4 Representation on local councils in conflict and nonconflict communities, 2005 66 3.5 Representation on local councils by conflict and MOP rating, 2005 67 3.6 Responsiveness of local leaders in conflict and nonconflict communities, 2005 71 3.7 Responsiveness of local leaders by conflict and MOP rating, 2005 72 3.8 Corruption and bribery by conflict and MOP rating, 1995 and 2005 74 3.9 Change in corruption and bribery, 1995–2005, by conflict and MOP rating 74 3.10 Perceptions of democracy and civic engagement in conflict and nonconflict communities 76 3.11 Formal democratic attributes by conflict rating and country income level, 2005 79 3.12 Functional democratic attributes by conflict rating and country income level, 2005 80 4.1 Mean number of local associations by type in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005 115 4.2 Change in mean number of all local associations by conflict and MOP rating, 1995–2005 117 4.3 MOP by religious and ethnic heterogeneity of most important associations in conflict and nonconflict communities 119 5.1 Change in economic indicators in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995–2005 132 5.2 Sources of income for movers in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005 136 5.3 Infrastructure and access to facilities by MOP and conflict rating, 2005 147 5.4 Availability of credit sources in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995 and 2005 154 6.1 Development projects in conflict and nonconflict communities, 1995–2005 175 8.1 Distribution of Colombia sample households by mobility group 203 8.2 Mobility outcomes in Los Rincones and La Soledad, Colombia 210 8.3 Confidence ratings in public authorities and NGOs, Colombia study communities 222 x Contents 8.4 Average household membership in organizations, Colombia study communities 229 8.5 Mobility outcomes in Santa María and El Mirador, Colombia 232 8A.1 Ladder of life for El Gorrión, prepared by a women’s focus group 240 10.1 Population changes in the Indonesia study communities, 1995–2005 303 10.2 Changes in poverty rates in Indonesia study communities in high- and low-growth districts, 1995–2005 305 10.3 Net prosperity index (NPI), moving out of poverty index (MOP), and mobility of the poor index (MPI) in the Indonesia study communities 306 10.4 Satisfaction with local governance and democracy in the Indonesia study provinces, 2005 316 10.5 Group membership in the Indonesia study communities, by province 321 10.6 Perceived distinctions due to religion, social status, or wealth in the Indonesia study communities, by province 325 11.1 Distribution of mobility groups in the Cambodia study communities 346 13.1 Collapse and recovery of community well-being in Ramili Qali, Afghanistan 423 13.2 Relationship of the community poverty line to the official