Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment TOGO JUNE 2019 ECOWAS COMMISSION COMMISSION DE LA CEDEAO COMMISSÃO DA CEDEAO Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Togo | 1 DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Cover photo: “Kpime Waterfall near Kpalimé” by Jbdodane, accessed via Flikr (https://bit.ly/2Ml87rK). Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 4 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission .................................................................................... 6 Statement from the Vice President of the ECOWAS Commission ......................................................................... 7 Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Research Process ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Terminology and Conceptual Definitions .......................................................................................................... 13 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Description of the Sample ................................................................................................................................. 16 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................................................................. 19 Country Background ............................................................................................................................................... 21 National-Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resiliencies ......................................................................................... 23 Rule of Law (Most Vulnerable Pillar) ................................................................................................................. 26 Politics and Governance (Second Most Vulnerable Pillar) ............................................................................... 30 Economics and Resources (Third Most Vulnerable Pillar) ............................................................................... 33 Population and Demographics (Fourth Most Vulnerable Pillar) ...................................................................... 41 Security (Least Vulnerable Pillar) ....................................................................................................................... 46 External Factors .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Gender Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Sub-National Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resilience Factors: Observations by Region ............................. 55 Centrale Region .............................................................................................................................................. 55 Kara Region .................................................................................................................................................. 61 Maritime Region ........................................................................................................................................... 66 Plateaux Region ............................................................................................................................................ 72 Savanes Region ............................................................................................................................................ 79 Conclusion and Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix A: Data Sample ....................................................................................................................................... 88 Appendix B: Vulnerability Index ............................................................................................................................. 93 Appendix C: Additional References ....................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix D: Matrix of Vulnerabilities, Risks, Resilience Factors, and Recommendations by Human Security Pillar ......................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Togo | 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project ADCF Association for Defense and the Council of Women AfDB African Development Bank ANADEB Agence Nationale d’Appui à la Base ANPE National Agency for the Promotion of Employment ANSAT National Agency for Food Security of Togo/Agence Nationale de la Sécurité Alimentaire ASTOVOT Association Togolaise des Volontaires au Travail AU African Union C-14 Togolese Opposition Coalition CACIT Collective Associations Against Impunity in Togo CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CHR Regional Hospital Center CNDH National Commission on Human Rights/La Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CRA Conflict Risk Assessment CRVA Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment CSO Civil Society Organization CVJR Commission for Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation/Commission Vérité, Justice et Réconciliation DPA ECOWAS Directorate of Political Affairs DPKRS ECOWAS Directorate of Peacekeeping & Regional Security EBID ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWARN ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECPF ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework EITI Extractive Industries Transparency initiative EU European Union EWD ECOWAS Directorate of Early Warning FAIEJ Fonds d’Appui aux Initiatives Economiques des Jeunes FDS Forces de Défense et de Sécurité FGD Focus Group Discussion FGM Female genital mutilation FNFI National Inclusive Financial Fund GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross domestic product GF2D Groupe de Réflexion et d’Action Femme Démocratie et Développement GIS Geographic Information System GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GSDRC Governance and Social Development Resource Centre Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Togo | 4 HAPLUCIA Haute Autorité de Prévention et de Lutte Contre la Corruption et Les Infractions Assimilées HCRRUN High Commissioner for Reconciliation and Strengthening National Unity/Le Haut-Commissariat à la Réconciliation et au Renforcement de l’Unité Nationale HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IDP Internally Displaced Person IncReps ECOWARN’s Incident Reports INGO International Non-Governmental Organization IO International Organization KII Key Informant Interview MIFA Mécanisme Indicatif de Financement Agricole MP Member of Parliament NGO Non-Governmental Organization NZAID New Zealand Agency for International Development OCDI Organisation de la Charité pour un Développement Intégral OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ORESCOP Organisation Régionale et Sous-régionale de la Communauté Peuls PRADEB Programme d'Appui au Développement à la Base PND National Development Plan PWYP Publish What You Pay RESODERC Reseau des Organisations de Developpement de la Region Centrale/Network of Organizations of the Central Region REWARD Reacting to Early Warning and Response Data in West Africa RPT Rally of the Togolese People SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SitReps ECOWARN Situation Reports SNPT Société Nouvelle des Phosphates du Togo/National Phosphate Company of Togo TJRC Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission UN United Nations UNIR Union for the Republic USAID United States Agency for International Development WACEM West African Cement WANEP West African Network for Peacebuilding WHO World Health Organization Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Togo | 5 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission The 15 Member-States of the ECOWAS Community represent a thriving region of the world, with a population