University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2010 LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE COLONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN NORTHERN PERÚ: FISHTAIL AND PAIJÁN COMPLEXES OF THE LOWER JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY Greg J. Maggard University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Maggard, Greg J., "LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE COLONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN NORTHERN PERÚ: FISHTAIL AND PAIJÁN COMPLEXES OF THE LOWER JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY" (2010). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 87. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/87 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Greg J. Maggard The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2010 LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE COLONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN NORTHERN PERÚ: FISHTAIL AND PAIJÁN COMPLEXES OF THE LOWER JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY ____________________________________ ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ____________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Greg J. Maggard Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: Dr. Tom D. Dillehay, Professor of Anthropology and Dr. Richard W. Jefferies, Professor of Anthropology Lexington, Kentucky 2010 Copyright © Greg J. Maggard 2010 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE COLONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN NORTHERN PERÚ: FISHTAIL AND PAIJÁN COMPLEXES OF THE LOWER JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY Until relatively recently, the view of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in the Americas was dominated by the “Clovis-first” paradigm. However, recent discoveries have challenged traditional views and forced reconsiderations of the timing, processes, and scales used in modeling the settlement of the Americas. Chief among these discoveries has been the recognition of a wide range of early cultural diversity throughout the Americas that is inconsistent with previously held notions of cultural homogeneity. During the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene, the development of widely varying economic, technological and mobility strategies in distinct environments is suggestive of a range of different adaptations and traditions. It is argued that colonization was a disjointed process involving alternative, perhaps competing strategies at local and regional levels. Individual groups likely employed distinct strategies for settling new landscapes. These different strategies are reflected in the cultural variability that has been documented in the Late Pleistocene- Early Holocene archaeological records of South and North America. A scalar framework for conceptualizing and modeling this variability on local, regional, and continental scales is introduced. Although primarily focused on local and regional reconstructions, the results can be integrated with other regional studies to generate more comprehensive, continental-scale models of the peopling of the New World. This research provides insight into the local and regional variability—in terms of settlement patterns and economic and technological strategies—present in the archaeological record of at least two formally recognized Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene complexes (Fishtail and Paiján complexes) in the Quebradas del Batán and Talambo of the lower Jequetepeque Valley, northern Perú. Results of extensive survey, excavation, and materials analyses are used to characterize mobility strategies and settlement organization. This research indicates that two distinct patterns of site types, settlement, subsistence, and technology existed at the local level between the Fishtail (ca. 11,200-10,200 B.P.) and Paiján (ca. 10,800-9,000 B.P.); these patterns are indicative of differing regional strategies of colonization. Lastly, it is suggested that the adaptations and behaviors pursued during regional settlement, particularly by Paiján groups, set in motion an increasing reliance on plant foods and an early trend toward sedentism that carried forward into the Holocene period. KEYWORDS: Colonization, Andean South America, Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene, Early Preceramic, Settlement Patterns Greg J. Maggard February 15, 2010 LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE COLONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN NORTHERN PERÚ: FISHTAIL AND PAIJÁN COMPLEXES OF THE LOWER JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY By Greg J. Maggard Dr. Tom D. Dillehay Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. Richard W. Jefferies Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. Richard W. Jefferies Director of Graduate Studies February 15, 2010 RULES FOR THE USE OF DISSERTATIONS Unpublished dissertations submitted for the Doctor’s degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as a rule open for inspection, but are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. Bibliographical references may be noted, but quotations or summaries of parts may be published only with the permission of the author, and with the usual scholarly acknowledgments. Extensive copying or publication of the dissertation in whole or in part also requires the consent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky. DISSERTATION Greg J. Maggard The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2010 LATE PLEISTOCENE-EARLY HOLOCENE COLONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN NORTHERN PERÚ: FISHTAIL AND PAIJÁN COMPLEXES OF THE LOWER JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY ____________________________________ DISSERTATION ____________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Greg J. Maggard Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: Dr. Tom D. Dillehay, Professor of Anthropology and Dr. Richard W. Jefferies, Professor of Anthropology Lexington, Kentucky 2010 Copyright © Greg J. Maggard 2010 For Kary and Finn ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research owes its completion to large cast of mentors, colleagues, family and friends—all of whom deserve recognition for their efforts. First, however, I must recognize the immeasurable influence of my dissertation advisor and mentor, Tom Dillehay. Tom introduced me to the early archaeological record of South America and, along with Alan Kolata who co-directed the Proyecto Pacasmayo, provided me with opportunities to see it firsthand. Many of the lessons and insights I have learned from Dr. Dillehay will continue to inform and guide me in the future. Dr. Dillehay and the other members of my dissertation committee, which included Richard Jefferies (co-director), Christopher Pool, George Crothers, and William Thomas, have all generously shared their time, expertise, and critical insights, as well as providing personal support and encouragement throughout the research and writing process. I wish to thank the Instituto Nacional de Cultura de Perú for their permission to conduct the research on which this study is based. Cesar Gálvez Mora of the INC, Department of Trujillo was an enthusiastic colleague during the field research and was always generous with his time, expertise, and friendship. The co-director of this project, Rosario Becerra Urteaga, deserves special thanks for her collegiality, expertise, and friendship. Fieldwork and laboratory analyses were funded by grants and awards from the National Science Foundation, Lambda Alpha, and the University of Kentucky. Additional funding was provided by two sets of anonymous donors. Special thanks go to Ed Winkle for maintaining the financial records and accounting of this project. Several Peruvian colleagues also deserve special mention for their contribution to the completion of this research. Luis Jaime Castillo facilitated the INC permitting iii process for this project and was instrumental in its successful completion. Other colleagues, such as Duccio Bonavia, Peter Kaulicke, Jesús Briceño, and Iris Brackamonte generously shared their insights, extensive expertise, and hospitality. Iris Brackamonte professionally illustrated many of the lithic drawings included in this dissertation. Chilean geologist, Mario Pino (Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia) was kind enough to serve as the consulting geologist for this project. My sincere thanks are also extended to the people of Pacasmayo and the many friends made there during the course of fieldwork. In particular, Moira Mora and Silvia Razzuri, along with Manuel and Nora Mora, were excellent field assistants and even better friends. The entire extended Castro family at the Hospedajes Cazador y Los Faroles—Mariela, Eduardo, Claudia, Irwin, Jessica, and Carlos were welcoming and opened their homes and hearts to us. Carlos Rios and Cesar Ipanaque were especially great friends to me. I thank you all. Many friends and colleagues in the United States have also facilitated the completion of this project. Of particular importance is David Pollack who has provided advice and support throughout. John Warner, Gwynn Henderson, Mickey Loughlin, and Rick Burdin have been there with support, encouragement, and as critical sounding boards. I especially wish to thank my family. My parents, siblings, and extended family have been supportive, caring, and encouraging throughout. Some passed before this project