Fort Union National Monument Ethnographic Overview and Assessment Report Prepared By: Dr. Joseph P. Sánchez Dr. Jerry L. Gurulé Larry V. Larrichio Larry D. Miller March 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................................i FORT UNION NATIONAL MONUMENT....................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................... 1 PART I..................................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 4 HISPANIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NEW POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ORDER ......... 7 AUXILIARY SERVICES: HISPANICS AS GUIDES, SPIES, TRAILERS, AND PACKERS ................. 12 HISPANICS AS COMANCHEROS AND CIBOLEROS..................................................................... 14 LABOR AT FORT UNION: HISPANICS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TRADES ................................ 17 HISPANIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND THE NEEDS AT FORT UNION ............................. 18 HISPANICS AND OTHERS AS COMMERCIAL SUPPLIERS .......................................................... 19 RELATIONSHIPS WITH HISPANIC COMMUNITIES .................................................................... 22 HISPANICS IN THE NEW MEXICO VOLUNTEER MILITIA......................................................... 22 TERRITORIAL CENSUS RECORDS- PRECINCT NO. 11 FORT UNION AND VICINITY................ 25 PART II ..............................................................................................................................................27 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 27 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PUEBLOS, HISPANIC COMMUNITIES AND PLAINS TRIBES IN EARLIER PERIODS .................................................................................................................... 31 A CULTURAL MOSAIC.............................................................................................................. 35 ANGLO-AMERICAN DOMINATION AND INDIGENOUS ACCOMMODATION AND RESISTANCE .40 FORT UNION AND THE “LONG WALK”.................................................................................... 49 INDIANS AS PRISONERS AT FORT UNION ................................................................................. 66 HEALTH CARE AT FORT UNION............................................................................................... 73 INDIAN LABOR AND MILITARY SERVICE AT FORT UNION...................................................... 75 AGRICULTURE AT FORT UNION ............................................................................................... 82 CROSS CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IN HARMONY AND CONFLICT ..................................... 83 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS.............................................................................................................93 ORAL INTERVIEWS. .................................................................................................................. 93 EARLY HUMAN OCCUPATION IN THE VICINITY OF FT. UNION .............................................. 96 AGRICULTURE .......................................................................................................................... 96 MULTICULTURAL ASPECTS...................................................................................................... 96 BILINGUAL COMMUNICATION ................................................................................................. 97 COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS.................................................................................................. 97 NEW MEXICO MILITIA............................................................................................................. 97 THE ROUTE OF THE LONG WALK VIA FT. UNION................................................................... 98 CONTRACT LABORERS ............................................................................................................. 98 ANTHROPOLOGY AT FT. UNION............................................................................................... 98 NAVAJOS AND AGRICULTURE .................................................................................................. 98 FT. UNION'S EXTENSIVE ROLE IN NEW MEXICO TERRITORY ............................................... 99 TREATMENT OF PRISONERS AT FORT UNION.......................................................................... 99 PUEBLO INDIAN ALLIANCES WITH THE CONFEDERATES ........................................................ 99 THE RAMONA INDIAN SCHOOL.............................................................................................. 100 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY.....................................................................101 APPENDIX A PHOTO AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS ............................................103 APPENDIX B ETHNOBOTANICAL CHARTS FOR FORT UNION AND ENVIRONS..105 SOURCES USED IN THE COMPILATION OF THESE CHARTS ................................................... 106 APPENDIX C ..................................................................................................................................122 THE FORT UNION MILITARY RESERVATION ........................................................................ 122 TURKEY MOUNTAINS ............................................................................................................. 123 RAMONA SCHOOL, SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO ....................................................................... 123 MORADAS ............................................................................................................................... 124 CAVES NEAR FT. UNION ......................................................................................................... 124 ACEQUIAS ............................................................................................................................... 124 GRAIN MILLS.......................................................................................................................... 125 MILLS OPERATING DURING THE FT. UNION ERA................................................................. 125 Ceran St. Vrain Mill........................................................................................................... 125 Aztec Mill............................................................................................................................ 126 Rio Chiquito Mill ............................................................................................................... 126 La Cueva Mill..................................................................................................................... 126 Pendaries Mill .................................................................................................................... 126 El Molino Grande de Sapelló (Mill).................................................................................. 127 Molino Barelas de Truchas ............................................................................................... 127 Lauiano Córdova Mill........................................................................................................ 127 Loma Parda Mill ................................................................................................................ 127 Loma Parda Mill ................................................................................................................ 127 Cassidy Mill........................................................................................................................ 127 MILLS ESTABLISHED AFTER THE FT. UNION ERA................................................................ 127 Gordon Sánchez Mill ......................................................................................................... 127 Maximiliano Cruz Molino ................................................................................................. 127 OTHER LANDMARKS .............................................................................................................. 128 Loma Parda........................................................................................................................ 128 Cimarron ............................................................................................................................ 128 Cleveland ............................................................................................................................ 128 Mora Valley Archaeological Sites ..................................................................................... 128 Tecolote............................................................................................................................... 128 Las Vegas............................................................................................................................ 129 Point of Rocks ...................................................................................................................