American History • U.S. Diplomatic History Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Diplomacy, No. 4 SANT VAN SUGITA MAUCH HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF “This is a superb, authoritative, and comprehensive guide and dictionary, indis- pensable for pivotal individuals, as well as for events, treaties, even debates in the extraordinary—and extraordinarily revealing—150 years of relations between Japan and the United States.” —Walter LaFeber, Tisch University Professor, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York T HISTORICAL he most important bilateral relationship in Asia since the end of World DICTIONARY War II is assuredly between the United States and Japan, the world’s two largest OF economies. Despite the geographical and cultural differences between the nations, as well as bitterness lingering from the war, they have developed an amicable and STATES– UNITED prosperous relationship. As the 21st century progresses, continuing goodwill is of the utmost importance, as the peace and stability of the Asia–Pacific region depends on cooperation and efforts to contain destabilizing factors in the area. RELATIONS Historical Dictionary of United States–Japan Relations traces this 150-year rela- JAPAN tionship through a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, a bibliography, and cross-referenced dictionary entries on key people, places, events, institutions, and organizations. Covering everything from Walt Whitman’s poem "A Broadway Pageant" to zaibatsu, this reference is an excellent starting point for the study of Japan’s dealings with the U.S. UNITED JOHN VAN SANT is associate professor of history at the University of Alabama– Birmingham. PETER MAUCH is a post-doctoral fellow at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. YONEYUKI SUGITA is associate professor of American history at Osaka STATES–JAPAN University of Foreign Studies, Osaka, Japan, and author of Pitfall or Panacea: The Irony of US Power in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952 (2004). RELATIONS For orders and information please contact the publisher Cover design by Allison Nealon JOHN VAN SANT SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5608-0 The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN-10: 0-8108-5608-5 PETER MAUCH 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 YONEYUKI SUGITA 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 www.scarecrowpress.com HD US—Japan_LITHO.indd 1 1/10/07 3:19:03 PM 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF U.S. DIPLOMACY Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. U.S. Diplomacy from the Civil War to World War I, by Kenneth J. Blume, 2005. 2. United States–China Relations, by Robert Sutter, 2006. 3. United States–Latin American Relations, by Joseph Smith, 2007. 4. United States–Japan Relations, by John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, and Yoneyuki Sugita, 2007. 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page ii 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page iii Historical Dictionary of United States– Japan Relations John Van Sant Peter Mauch Yoneyuki Sugita Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Diplomacy, No. 4 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2007 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2007 by John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, and Yoneyuki Sugita All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Van Sant, John E., 1958– Historical dictionary of United States–Japan relations / John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, Yoneyuki Sugita. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of U.S. diplomacy ; no. 4) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5608-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5608-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. United States–Foreign relations–Japan–Dictionaries. 2. Japan–Foreign relations–United States–Dictionaries. 3. United States–Relations–Japan–Dictionaries. 4. Japan–Relations–United States–Dictionaries. I. Mauch, Peter (Peter Cameron) II. Sugita, Yoneyuki, 1962– III. Title. E183.8.J3V36 2007 327.7305203–dc22 2006028844 ϱ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page v Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Acknowledgments ix Reader’s Note xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii Chronology xv Map xl Images xlii Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 29 Appendix A United States Presidents and Secretaries of State, 1789–2005 273 Appendix B Japanese Prime Ministers 277 Bibliography 281 About the Authors 299 v 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page vi 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page vii Editor’s Foreword Certainly the most important bilateral relationship of the latter half of the 20th century into the early 21st is one of the most peculiar. Despite the disparity in size and population, the United States and Japan have been the anchor of relations in East Asia, and Asia more broadly, some- times having a worldwide impact. It is odd, first of all, because of the huge disproportion in size and population between the two, to say noth- ing of social and cultural differences. It is also odd in that the United States was initially also much more dynamic economically and was ac- tually willing to tolerate Japan’s rise to economic prominence through trade. But it is particularly unusual in that, just prior to its establishment, the two countries were at war and the former occupied the latter, and presently guarantees its defense. Yet, over the decades the ties have only grown stronger, and along with political, economic, and military links, there are increasingly close and amicable relations between the peoples, due to travel and cultural exchange, as well more recently as inter- marriage and immigration. The significance and duration of this relationship also makes the Historical Dictionary of United States—Japan Relations one of the most important in the series. Beginning with official and private con- tacts between the United States and Japan in the first half of the 19th century, the authors include more than 150 years of political, military, economic, social, and cultural bilateral relations—including their mul- tilateral contexts. Thus, the dictionary section includes, among other things, entries on a huge cast of actors, including presidents and prime ministers, secretaries of state and foreign ministers, diplomats and indi- vidual citizens, as well as major events, institutions, and organizations. But the overall trends are easier to see through the introduction, while the individual steps are traced over time in the chronology. The list of vii 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page viii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD acronyms facilitates reading on foreign policy, and the bibliography provides many useful suggestions for further reading. This volume was written by an interesting team of specialists, an American, an Australian, and a Japanese, each with somewhat different specializations and sometimes also a different angle, which helps pro- vide a more balanced picture. John Van Sant is associate professor of history at the University of Alabama-Birmingham, with particular in- terest in 19th-century Japan and its international relations, and the au- thor of Pacific Pioneers: Japanese Journeys to America and Hawaii, 1850–1880. Peter Mauch is a post-doctoral fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, presently studying at Kyoto University, and who is writing a biography of Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura. Yoneyuki Sugita is associate professor of American history at Osaka University of Foreign Studies and is the author of Pitfall or Panacea: The Irony of US Power in Occupied Japan 1945–1952 and co-editor of Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century. This collaboration has provided us with a broad and deep view of a somewhat peculiar, but certainly crucial, team of players in an in- creasingly messy world situation. Jon Woronoff Series Editor 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page ix Acknowledgments We wish to thank Jon Woronoff, the series editor, for asking us to under- take this dictionary, for providing guidance throughout the writing and production, and for reviewing the entire manuscript and offering valuable comments. We would also like to thank Dr. Robert Sutter for allowing us to use his Appendix B from Historical Dictionary of United States–China Relations. John Van Sant thanks the University of Alabama–Birmingham and his colleagues in the Department of History for their continuous sup- port for his teaching and research. Peter Mauch dedicates this dictionary to his parents, Russell and Norma Mauch, his wife, Tomoko, and his chil- dren, Joseph and Kyoko Mauch. Yoneyuki Sugita extends his gratitude to John McGlynn and John Garside for their valuable research and editorial assistance. He would never have completed this work without the warm and supportive family environment provided by his wife, Shoko, and our three children (Gakuto, Natsuki, and Kanato). Kudos to them! ix 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page x 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page xi Reader’s Notes Names in this work are cited in Western bibliographic order. Some terms within dictionary entries are in bold type to indicate additional entries. Unfamiliar Japanese words are italicized. xi 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page xii 06-612_1_FM.qxd 1/10/07 10:15 AM Page xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms AAA American Arbitration Association ACJUSER Advisory Council on Japan–U.S.