"Our way": responding to the Dutch aid in the District Rural Development Programme of Bukoba, Tanzania Kamanzi, A. Citation Kamanzi, A. (2007). "Our way": responding to the Dutch aid in the District Rural Development Programme of Bukoba, Tanzania. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12886 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12886 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). “Our way” Responding to the Dutch aid in the District Rural Development Programme of Bukoba, Tanzania Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Sociale Wetenschappen Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 5 december 2007 om 13.30 uur precies door Adalbertus Kamanzi geboren op 19 September 1970 te Bukoba, Tanzania Promotores: Prof. dr. Leo J. de Haan, Leiden University Prof. dr. Deirdre Carabine, Uganda Martyrs University, Uganda Co-promotor: Dr. Frans Schuurman Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. Annelies Zoomers, voorzitter Prof. dr. Michel Lejeune, Vice-Chancellor, Uganda Martyrs University, Uganda Dr. Fred Zaal, University of Amsterdam African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, vol. 4 “Our way” Responding to the Dutch aid in the District Rural Development Programme of Bukoba, Tanzania Adalbertus Kamanzi This project was part of the Memorandum of Understanding between Uganda Martyrs University and Radboud University of Nijmegen . As a PhD undertaking in the Netherlands, the study fell within the Research School for Resource Studies for Development (CERES) and the Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen (CIDIN). The Fellowship program of the Radboud University of Nijmegen, together with CIDIN funded this project. CIDIN, again, provided the institutional support. Kamanzi Adalbertus Institute of Ethics and Development Studies Uganda Martyrs University P.O. Box 5498 Kampala, UGANDA [email protected] Published by African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photo: Adalbertus Kamanzi Printed by PrintPartners Ipskamp BV, Enschede ISBN 978.90.5448.073.0 © Adalbertus Kamanzi, 2007 This book is dedicated to my parents Kawegere and Kokuhirwa to my wife Nnalongo Judith and to our sons Kigongo, Kakuru, Kato , and Kaiza for the support and love Contents List of maps ix List of tables ix List of abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi 1 AID AND THE MODERNISING DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE 1 Introduction 1 International development cooperation 2 Modernising development discourse 10 Conclusion 20 2 LIVELIHOODS PROMOTION AND ORGANISING PRACTICES 23 Introduction 23 Livelihoods promotion 24 Organising practices 29 Participation, local politics and empowerment 45 Conclusion 47 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 49 Introduction 49 Research problem 50 Study questions and operationalisation 51 Data collection procedures 53 Data analysis procedures 57 Conclusion 61 4 TANZANIA , KAGERA , AND BUKOBA 62 Introduction 62 Tanzania 63 Kagera region 73 Bukoba district 76 Catchment area of YFEC 81 Historical development of the cooperation 83 Conclusion 89 vii 5 BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AND THE MODERNISING DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE 90 Introduction 90 Understanding the key documents 91 Development in focus 93 Rural development in focus 100 Sustainable development in focus 103 Participation in focus 107 Conclusion 111 6 ORGANISING PRACTICES OF THE DISTRICT OFFICIALS 114 Introduction 114 Dutch people in Bukoba 115 Perceptions on participation by Dutch RNE-DRDP insiders 119 Livelihoods of the district officials 123 District officials and their organising practices 128 Conclusion 149 7 ORGANISING PRACTICES OF THE VILLAGE PEOPLE AND ITS ELITE 151 Introduction 151 Village elite identification 152 Livelihoods of the village elite 161 Livelihoods of the village people: Participatory development planning and developmental organisations 165 Relations between village élite and village people 173 Conclusion 202 8 CONCLUSIONS 205 Introduction 205 Recapitulation of the theoretical background and study problem 205 Summary and synthesis of the findings 207 General conclusion 213 Food for thought: Going beyond the modernising development discourse 214 References 217 Summary 225 Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) 230 Ufupisho (summary in Swahili) 235 About the author 239 viii List of maps 4.1 Tanzania: Major cities and towns 63 4.2 Kagera region 74 4.3 Bukoba district 77 List of tables 2.1 Pretty’s participation typologies 34 4.1 Real GDP growth rates 1998-2008 65 4.2 Increases in Tanzanian net ODA 69 4.3 Increase in net ODA and GNI 70 4.4 RNE and SNV DRDPs 85 5.1 Components of well-being 97 5.2 Some aspects of African education in relation to school education 98 6.1 FECs in Bukoba district and their donors 133 6.2 Chronological overview of BDRDP 136 7.1 Categories and prioritisations on important people and roles 153 7.2 Different steps in the ladder of life 157 7.3 Vanilla prices per kilo, selected years 172 7.4 Robuster and Arabica coffee prices per kilo, selected years 172 List of abbreviations ASP Afro-Shirazi Party BDRDP Bukoba District Rural Development Programme BNPL Basic Needs Poverty Line CBLGA Capacity Building for Local Governance Actors CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi CDT Country Department for Tanzania CHADEMA Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo CPM Capability Poverty Measure CSO Civil Society Organisation CUF Civic United Front CWIQ Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire ix DA District Advisor DFID Department for International Development DGIS Dutch Ministry for Development Cooperation DOS Disk Operating System DRDP District Rural Development Programme FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GNP Gross National Product HDI Human Development Index HDR Human Development Report IMF International Monetary Fund IOB Policy and Operations Evaluations Department KCU Kagera Cooperative Union KRCA Kagera Rare Crop Association LGA Local Government Authority LGA Local Government Authority LGRP Local Government Reform Programme NFG Network of Farmers’ Groups NGO Non-Governmental Organisation ODA Official Development Aid ODA Official Development assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ORUNDC Operations Review Unit of the Netherlands Development Cooperation PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy RNE-DRDP Royal Netherlands Embassy funded District Rural Development Programmes SNV Netherlands Development Organisation TANU Tanzania African National Union TAT Technical Assistance Team TLP Tanzania Labour Party TUNGO Tujiendeleze Non-Governmental Organisation UN United Nations UNCED United Nations Commission on Economic Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund URT United republic of Tanzania UVT Umoja wa Vijana Tanzania UWT Umoja wa Wanawake Tanzania YFEC Yetu Farmers’ Extension Centre x Acknowledgements Doing a PhD has been a very long process. It did not begin on the day I enrolled for it or the day I presented my proposal. It has been a long continuum with a long past, long present, and definitely it will have a long future. It has been a journey that has involved many individuals, communities, and institutions, some of which I have been aware of and some of them never. It is difficult to mention by names all the people involved; however, to all the people and institutions whose names I fail to mention here, I acknowledge and appreciate your contributions during this long journey. In the long past, I wish to begin with special people in this whole PhD journey. The Swahili people ask: ni nani kama baba na mama ?: who is like the father and mother? Nobody, of course, at least from my experience! This makes me acknow- ledge all the parental care that I have received from my parents, Kokuhirwa Ger- trude and Kawegere Fortunatus: you have always had questions about me and what was to happen in my life; you would see me going, not understanding the destina- tion, but you would always wish me well. Thanks for your respect, patience, under- standing, and goodwill. I am learning to appreciate and practice these values as a parent to three energetic men! Dee Carabine: your life has always inspired me. You have been a mentor. I cannot forget your inspiration on caring for life, minding big and small things, and challenging attitude to get the best out of whoever related with you. Michel: your doors were always open to me; you discussed and advised me on private and professional matters. I have learnt and I am still learning what it means to balance professionalism and simplicity in life! There is your life in my life, Michel! Fr Philbert Aikambe: You were interested in my life; you always liked to know where I was and what I was doing; you never hesitated to give advice and a helpful hand in times of need. Thanks for always being there as a consultant for us young people! Fr Dr Gosbert Byamungu: I acknowledge your efforts for me to excel; your academic inspirations and word sometime back, “Kamanzi, be yourself”, are still landmarks in my life: this is my way and no retreat: nobody else would be me except, myself! It cost me; it still costs; it will cost, but that is the way! I have parents in Nijmegen,