Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Wheat in Bangladesh The Project Director Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE),Khamarbari, Dhaka-1215. June 2015 13C/8C Babar Road, Block-B, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. Tel:+02-9136704, Email: [email protected] CRDS Page | 0 Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Wheat in Bangladesh. The Study Team Dr. Hamiz Uddin Ahmed, Team Leader Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Senoir Entomologist Dr. Md. Fazlul Huq, Agronomist Dr. Abu Taher Mia, Plant Pathologist Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Entomologist Dr. Shaker Ahmed, Economist Kbd. Md. Rabiul Awal, Study Coordinator Reviewed by Sedeque lbn Shams, PD, SPCB Project, DAE Md. Ahsan Ullah, Consultant – PRA, SPCBProject, DAE Md. Ayub Hossain, Consultant – Procurement, SPCBProject, DAE Submitted to Project Director Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Room 627, Middle Building, 5th Floor, Khamarbari, Dhaka. June 2015 Submitted By Center for Resource Development Studies Ltd 13C/8C Babar Road, Block-B, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh . Tel: 880-2-9136704, 01978154150; Email: [email protected] CRDS Page | i Table Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Methodologyfor Data Collection 3 3.0 Pests, Rodents, Diseases and Weeds of Wheat in Bangladesh 7 3.1 Insect andRodent Pests of Wheat 7 3.2 Diseases of Wheat 10 3.3 Weeds in Wheat of Bangladesh 12 4.0 Quarantine Insect pests,Diseases and Weeds of Wheat 14 4.1 Quarantine insect and mite pests of wheat 14 4.2 Quarantine diseases of wheat 15 4.3 Quarantine weeds of wheat for Bangladesh 16 4.4 Distribution of quarantine insect pests, diseases and weeds among seven wheat exporting countries 18 4.4.1 Distribution of Quarantine insect pests among seven wheat exporting countries 18 4.4.2 Distribution of quarantine diseases among seven wheat exporting countries 19 4.4.3 Distribution of Quarantine weeds among seven wheat exporting countries 20 5.0 Risk Analysis for wheat in Bangladesh 21 5.1 Background 21 5.2 Scope of the Risk Analysis 21 5.3 Risk Analysis Process and Methodology 21 5.4 Commodity and Pathway Description 22 5.5 Hazard Identification 22 5.6 Risk Assessment of Potential Hazards 22 5.7 Assessment of Uncertainties 24 5.8 Analysis of Measures to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks 25 CRDS Page | i Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 5.9 Risk Evaluation 25 5.10 Option Evaluation 25 5.11 Review and Consultation 25 6.0 Import Risk Analysis 26 6.1 Commodity description 26 6.2 Description of proposed import pathway 28 6.3 Geography, climate, pest control and pre-export handling in exporting country 29 6.3.1 Australia 29 6.3.2 Canada 30 6.3.3 India 32 6.3.4 Mexico 33 6.3.5 Pakistan 35 6.3.6 Ukraine 36 6.3.7 USA 37 6.3.8 Bangladesh 39 7.0 Hazard Identification 40 7.1 Potential hazard groups 40 7.2 Organisms intercepted at the border on wheat on existing pathways 41 7.3 Assumptions and uncertainties 41 7.3.1 Unlisted pests 42 7.3.2 Symptomless micro-organisms 42 7.3.3 Hazard biology and identification 42 7.3.4 Assumption regarding transit time of grains 42 7.3.5 Assumption and uncertainty around disposal 43 7.3.6 Assumption and uncertainty around risk management measures 43 8.0 Review of Management options 44 CRDS Page | ii Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 8.1 Introduction 44 8.2 Production and post-harvest measures 44 8.2.1 Monitoring programmes in production areas 44 8.2.2 In-field sanitation 44 8.2.3 Pest control measures in field 44 8.2.4 Selection of grains from areas free of pests (Area Freedom)44 8.2.5 Grain quality 45 8.2.6 Prevention of infestation during transportation, storage and handling 45 8.3 Disinfestation treatments 45 8.3.1 Heat treatment 45 8.3.2 Cold treatment 46 8.3.3 Fumigation 46 8.4 Visual inspection at the border of Bangladesh 47 9.0 Potential Hazard Organisms: Risk Analyses 48 9.1 Sitobion Avenae(Wheat aphid) 48 9.1.1 Hazard identification 48 9.1.2 Biology 48 9.1.3 Hosts 49 9.1.4 Distribution 49 9.1.5 Hazard identification conclusion 49 9.2 Eurygaster integriceps (Sunn pest) 49 9.2.1 Hazard identification 49 9.2.2 Biology 50 9.2.3 Hosts 50 9.2.4 Distribution 50 9.2.5 Hazard identification conclusion 50 9.2.6 Risk assessment 50 9.2.7 Consequence assessment 51 CRDS Page | iii Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 9.2.8 Risk estimation: Medium 51 9.2.9 Risk management 51 9.3 Nysius huttoni (Wheat bug) 52 9.3.1 Hazard identification 52 9.3.2 Biology 52 9.3.3 Hosts 53 9.3.4 Distribution 53 9.3.5 Hazard identification conclusion 53 9.4 Haplothrips tritici (Wheat thrips) 53 9.4.1 Hazard identification 53 9.4.2 Biology 54 9.4.3 Hosts 54 9.4.4 Distribution 55 9.4.5 Hazard identification conclusion 55 9.5 Limothrips cerealium (Wheat thrips) 55 9.5.1 Hazard identification 55 9.5.2 Biology 55 9.5.3 Hosts 56 9.5.4 Distribution 56 9.5.5 Hazard identification conclusion 56 9.5.6 Risk assessment 56 9.5.7 Consequence assessment 56 9.5.8 Risk estimation: Medium. 56 9.5.9 Risk management: Same as 9.2.9 57 9.6 Meromyza americana (Wheat stem maggot) 57 9.6.1 Hazard identification 57 9.6.2 Biology 57 9.6.3 Hosts 57 9.6.4 Distribution 58 CRDS Page | iv Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 9.6.5 Hazard identification conclusion 58 9.7 Sitodiplosis mosellana (Wheat midge) 58 9.7.1 Hazard identification 58 9.7.2 Biology 58 9.7.3 Hosts 59 9.7.4 Distribution 59 9.7.5 Hazard identification conclusion 59 9.7.6 Risk assessment 59 9.7.7 Consequence assessment 60 9.7.8 Risk estimation: Low 60 9.7.9 Risk management: Same as 9.2.9 60 9.8.1 Hazard identification 60 9.8.2 Biology 61 9.8.3 Hosts 61 9.8.4 Distribution 61 9.8.5 Hazard identification conclusion 62 9.8.6 Risk assessment 62 9.8.7 Consequence assessment 62 9.8.8 Risk estimation: Medium 62 9.8.9 Risk management: Same as 9.2.9 62 9.9 Cephus cinctus (Wheat stem sawfly) 62 9.9.1 Hazard identification 62 9.9.2 Biology 63 9.9.3 Hosts 64 9.9.4 Distribution 64 9.9.5 Hazard identification conclusion 64 9.10 Cephus pygmeus (European wheat stem saw fly) 64 9.10.1 Hazard identification 64 9.10.2 Biology 65 CRDS Page | v Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 9.10.3 Hosts 65 9.10.4 Distribution 65 9.10.5 Hazard identification conclusion 65 9.11 Petrobia latens (Brown wheat mite) 65 9.11.1 Hazard identification 65 9.11.2 Biology 65 9.11.3 Hosts 66 9.11.4 Distribution 66 9.11.5 Hazard identification conclusion 66 9.12 Trogoderma inclusum (Mottled dermastid beetle) 66 9.12.1 Hazard identification 66 9.12.2 Biology 67 9.12.3 Hosts 67 9.12.4 Distribution 67 9.12.5 Hazard identification conclusion 67 9.12.6 Risk assessment 67 9.12.7 Consequence assessment 67 9.12.8 Risk estimation: High 68 9.12.9 Risk management 68 9.13 Trogoderma varibile (Grain dermestid beetle) 68 9.13.1 Hazard identification 68 9.13.2 Biology 68 9.13.3 Hosts 68 9.13.4 Distribution 68 9.13.5 Hazard identification conclusion 69 9.13.6 Risk assessment 69 9.13.7 Consequence assessment 69 9.13.8 Risk estimation: Medium 69 9.13.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 69 CRDS Page | vi Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 9.14 Trogoderma glabrum (Glaberous cabinet beetle) 69 9.14.1 Hazard identification 69 9.14.2 Biology 70 9.14.3 Hosts 70 9.14.4 Distribution: USA, Mexico, Canada, Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, S. Siberia. 70 9.14.5 Hazard identification conclusion 70 9.14.6 Risk assessment 70 9.14.7 Consequence assessment: 70 9.14.8 Risk estimation: Medium 71 9.14.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 71 9.15 Sitophilus granaries (Granary weevil) 71 9.15.1 Hazard identification 71 9.15.2 Biology 71 9.15.3 Hosts 72 9.15.4 Distribution 72 9.15.5 Hazard identification conclusion 72 9.15.6 Risk assessment 72 9.15.7 Consequence assessment 72 9.15.8 Risk estimation: High 73 9.15.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 73 9.16 Tribolium confusum (Confused flour beetle) 73 9.16.1 Hazard identification 73 9.16.2 Biology 73 9.16.3 Hosts 73 9.16.4 Distribution 73 9.16.5 Hazard identification conclusion 74 9.16.6 Risk assessment 74 9.16.7 Consequence assessment 74 CRDS Page | vii Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 9.16.8 Risk estimation: Low 74 9.16.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 74 9.17 Tribolium destructor (Large flour beetle) 74 9.17.1 Hazard identification 74 9.17.2 Biology 75 9.17.3 Hosts 75 9.17.4 Distribution 75 9.17.5 Hazard identification conclusion 75 9.17.6 Risk assessment 75 9.17.7 Consequence assessment 75 9.17.8 Risk estimation: Low 76 9.17.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 76 9.18 Prostephanus truncatus (Larger grain borer) 76 9.18.1 Hazard identification 76 9.18.2 Biology 76 9.18.3 Hosts 76 9.18.4 Distribution 77 9.18.5 Hazard identification conclusion 77 9.18.6 Risk assessment 77 9.18.7 Consequence assessment 77 9.18.8 Risk estimation: Low 78 9.18.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 78 9.19 Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Rusty grain beetle) 78 9.19.1 Hazard identification 78 9.19.2 Biology 78 9.19.3 Hosts 78 9.19.4 Distribution 78 9.19.5 Hazard identification conclusion 79 9.19.6 Risk assessment 79 CRDS Page | viii Final Report Pest Risk Analysis of Wheat in Bangladesh 9.19.7 Consequence assessment 79 9.19.8 Risk estimation: Low 79 9.19.9 Risk management:Same as 9.12.9 79 9.20 Typhaea stercorea (Hairy fungus beetle) 79 9.20.1 Hazard identification 79 9.20.2 Biology 80 9.20.3 Hosts 80 9.20.4 Distribution 80 9.20.5 Hazard identification conclusion 80 9.20.6 Risk assessment 80 9.20.7 Consequence assessment 80 9.20.8 Risk estimation: Low 80 9.20.9 Risk management: Same as 9.12.9 81 9.21 Plodia interpunctella (Indian