MOBILISING SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS – BIOGAS CASES BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, OIL PALM RESIDUES AND CO-DIGESTION IEA Bioenergy: Task 43: PR2016:04 MOBILISING SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS – BIOGAS CASES BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, OIL PALM RESIDUES AND CO-DIGESTION J.W.A. Langeveld (Biomass Research), R. Guisson (VITO), and H. Stichnothe (Thünen Institute) Copyright © 2016 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved ISBN, if applicable, here Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. 1 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 4 3 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 8 4 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 10 5 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 12 5.1 Process description .......................................................................................................................... 12 5.2 Drivers ................................................................................................................................................... 14 5.3 Potential ................................................................................................................................................ 16 5.4 Production chains ............................................................................................................................. 20 5.5 Barriers for biogas development ............................................................................................... 21 5.6 Biogas chain types ............................................................................................................................ 22 5.6.1 MSW digestion .......................................................................................................................... 23 5.6.2 Oil palm residue digestion ......................................................................................... 23 5.6.3 Co-digestion .......................................................................................................................... 24 6 MSW DIGESTION ....................................................................................................................... 25 6.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 25 6.1.1 EU policies ............................................................................................................................... 26 6.2 Potential ................................................................................................................................................ 28 6.2.1 Europe ........................................................................................................................................ 28 6.2.2 USA ............................................................................................................................................... 34 6.2.3 Global level ............................................................................................................................ 35 6.3 Chain description .............................................................................................................................. 38 6.3.1 Prevention ............................................................................................................................... 39 6.3.2 Collection ................................................................................................................................. 39 6.3.3 Treatment ............................................................................................................................... 39 6.4 Drivers and barriers ........................................................................................................................ 42 6.5 Options for improvement .............................................................................................................. 44 7 OIL PALM RESIDUE DIGESTION .......................................................................................... 47 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 47 7.2 Palm oil industry in Indonesia .................................................................................................... 48 7.3 Palm oil production .......................................................................................................................... 50 7.4 Drivers and barriers ........................................................................................................................ 53 1 7.4.1 Drivers ....................................................................................................................................... 53 7.4.2 Barriers ...................................................................................................................................... 55 7.4.3 Opportunities ........................................................................................................................ 57 7.5 Outlook to 2050 ................................................................................................................................. 65 7.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 65 8 CO-DIGESTION .......................................................................................................................... 67 8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 67 8.2 Legal/policy frameworks .............................................................................................................. 68 8.2.1 Europe ........................................................................................................................................ 68 8.2.2 USA ............................................................................................................................................... 69 8.2.3 Brazil ........................................................................................................................................... 71 8.3 Potential ................................................................................................................................................ 72 8.3.1 Europe ........................................................................................................................................ 72 8.3.2 USA ............................................................................................................................................... 72 8.3.3 Brazil ........................................................................................................................................... 73 8.4 Chain description .............................................................................................................................. 73 8.4.1 Europe ........................................................................................................................................ 73 8.4.2 USA ............................................................................................................................................... 73 8.4.3 Brazil ........................................................................................................................................... 74 8.5 Drivers and Barriers ........................................................................................................................ 74 8.6 Options for improvement .............................................................................................................. 76 9 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 77 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 82 11 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 84 2 3 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Agricultural and industrial biomass residues are promising feedstocks, but their availability for energy production, the available conversion methods and the organisation of production chains are all subject to debate. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a process of degradation of organic material by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. Feedstocks include biodegradable residues including