00_prelims Page i Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM CHINA AND DENMARK 00_prelims Page ii Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES Recent and forthcoming books on China Vibeke Børdahl (ed.): The Eternal Storyteller. Oral Literature in Modern China Christopher Bo Bramsen: Open Doors: Vilhelm Meyer and the Establishment of General Electric in China Christopher Bo Bramsen: Peace and Friendship: Denmark’s Official Relations with China 1674–2000 Chan Kwok Bun (ed.): Chinese Business Networks. State, Economy and Culture Grant Evans, Chris Hutton and Kuah Khun Eng (eds): Where China Meets Southeast Asia. Social and Cultural Change in the Border Region Thomas Kampen: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership Cecilia Nathansen Milwertz: Beijing Women Organizing for Change Donald B. Wagner: The State and the Iron Industry in Han China David D. Wang: Clouds over Tianshan. Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s Jianping Wang: A Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms 00_prelims Page iii Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM CHINA AND DENMARK RELATIONS SINCE 1674 EDITED BY KJELD ERIK BRØDSGAARD AND MADS KIRKEBÆK NIAS 00_prelims Page iv Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM Nordic Institute of Asian Studies First published in 2000 Typesetting by the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn © Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2001 While copyright in this volume as a whole is vested in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in each individual paper belongs to the respective author. No contribution to this volume may be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission of the author, publisher or editors. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data China and Denmark : relations since 1674 1.Denmark - Foreign relations - China 2.China - Foreign relations - Denmark 3.Denmark - Foreign economic relations - China 4.China - Foreign economic relations - Denmark I.Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik II.Kirkebæk, Mads III. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 327.4’89’051 ISBN 87-87062-71-2 00_prelims Page v Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM CONTENTS Illustrations vi Tables vii Figures viii Preface ix Note on Romanization x 1 Introduction 1 Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard 2 When Denmark Discovered China 7 Mads Kirkebæk 3 The Voyage of the Dronningen af Danmark [the Queen of Denmark] to China in 1742: An Example of the Early Danish China Trade 21 Mads Kirkebæk 4 Denmark’s China Policy 1845–64: The Diplomats Enter the Scene 48 Mads Kirkebæk 5 The Establishment of a Danish Legation in China 1912 73 Mads Kirkebæk 6 Trade in Command: Denmark’s China Policy 1912–49 92 Mads Kirkebæk 7 Wires, Codes and People: The Great Northern Telegraph Company in China 1870–90 119 Erik Baark 8 Danish Trade with China: From the Beginning of the Twentieth Century to the Establishment of China 153 Mads Henrik Dall 9 Diplomatic and Political Relations between Denmark and the People’s Republic of China 1949–97 192 Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard and Jan Rowinski 10 Trade and Economic Relations between Denmark and China 1949–1997 233 Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard 11 Trade and Economic Relations between Denmark and Taiwan 1949–1997 274 Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard Bibliography 309 Index 331 00_prelims Page vi Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM ILLUSTRATIONS 1. King Christian IV (1588–1648) 8 2. Admiral Ove Gjedde (1594–1660) 10 3. Prospectus of Tranquebar and the citadel Dansborg from the eighteenth century 15 4. The citadel Dansborg as it looked in 1986 15 5. Captain Zacharias Allewelt (1682–1744) 23 6. The Dronningen af Danmark (model) 24 7. Schematic map of the normal route to and from India/China 28 8. The European factories in Canton 38 9. Governor Peder Hansen (1798–1880) 50 10. Steen Andersen Bille (1797–1883) 53 11. The corvette Galathea 54 12. Colonel Waldemar Rudolph Raasløff (1815–83) 64 13. Chinese version of the Danish–Chinese treaty of 1863 67 14. English version of the Danish–Chinese treaty of 1863 67 15. Note from the Russian Legation in Peking to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs 77 16. Count Preben Ferdinand Ahlefeldt-Laurvig (1872–1946) 78 17. The Great Northern Telegraph Company’s first telegraph station in Shanghai 123 18. The Great Northern Telegraph Company’s telegraph station in Xiamen 126 19. The first class of students from the telegraph school in Fuzhou 139 20. Cartoon from the Danish newspaper Aktuelt, showing Mao about to be devoured by a dragon 202 21. 20 October 1974 – Prime Minister Poul Hartling meets Chairman Mao 204 22. Headquarters and research facilities for an enzyme production plant established by Novo Nordisk, Beijing 266 23. Taipei’s mass rapid transit (MRT) system 277 vi 00_prelims Page vii Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM TABLES 3.1 Cargo of the Dronningen af Danmark 26 8.1 Danish imports from China 1910–27 165 8.2 Denmark’s share of China’s export of beans and peas 1912–23 169 8.3 Danish imports from China 1910–37 173 10.1 Direction of PRC foreign trade 234 10.2 PRC foreign trade as a percentage of GNP 236 10.3 EU trade with the PRC 1985–97 241 10.4 Denmark’s trade with China 1938–59 245 10.5 Composition of Danish import from the PRC in selected years 247 10.6 Composition of Danish export to the PRC in selected years 248 10.7 Danish trade with the PRC 1960–69 249 10.8 Danish trade with the PRC 1970–79 250 10.9 Distribution of Danish state loans to the PRC 1981–86 252 10.10 Danish trade with PRC 1980–89 255 10.11 Danish exports to the PRC 1980–89 256 10.12 Composition of Danish export of machinery and transport equipment to the PRC 1980–89 258 10.13 Denmark’s trade with the PRC 1990–97 259 10.14 Danish machinery export to China in 1994, selected items within the HS group 84 261 11.1 Economic growth and indicators of structural change in Taiwan, 1965–97 275 11.2 The representative offices of the ROC in Europe 281 11.3 Trade between the ROC and Europe 1952–97 283 11.4 ROC’s trade with Europe 1984–97 285 11.5 Taiwan’s investment in Europe 1980–90 287 11.6 Trade between Denmark and the ROC 1955–97 292 11.7 Weight of ROC–Danish trade in total Danish trade 294 11.8 Composition of Danish imports from Taiwan in selected years 296 11.9 Composition of Danish export to Taiwan in selected years 297 11.10 Seven most important import items from Taiwan, 1994 299 vii 00_prelims Page viii Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM FIGURES 8.1 Danish trade with China 1910–49 162 8.2 China’s share of Danish import 1910–49 163 8.3 Danish imports from China 1910–27 166 8.4 Composition of Danish imports from China 1910–27, excluding soybeans 167 8.5 Danish imports from China by product 1910–27 (in DKK) 167 8.6 Danish imports from China by product 1910–27 (in kg) 168 8.7 Danish import of soybeans 1910–27 168 8.8 Danish imports from China by product 1910–37 (in DKK) 171 8.9 Danish exports to China 1910–49 172 8.10 Danish exports to China by product 1910–27 172 10.1 Contracted foreign direct investment in the PRC 1990–97 239 11.1 The ROC’s trade distribution in Europe in 1997 286 viii 00_prelims Page ix Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:21 AM PREFACE On the basis of a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation a research group was formed at the University of Copenhagen in the summer of 1992 to study Danish–Chinese relations from their beginning to present time. The research group originally consisted of Mette Thunø, MA; Mads Kirkebæk, MA; Dr Tage Vosbein and Dr Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard, who also served as the director of the project. In September 1993 Mads Dall, MA, also joined the group. In addition, Professor Jan Rowinski of the Polish Institute of International Affairs, Warsaw, co-operated with the group in researching diplomatic and political relations between Denmark and China after 1949 and Dr. Erik Baark accepted an invita- tion to write a chapter on the Great Northern Telegraph Company. After the completion of its task in 1997, the research group was dissolved. However, Mads Kirkebæk continued his studies on diplomatic affairs and the result of this work appeared in the form of a Ph.D. dissertation entitled ‘Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo: En undersøgelse af udvalgte dele af Danmarks Kinapolitik 1912–1945’ [Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo: A Study of Selected Aspects of Den- mark’s China Policy, 1912–1945] (Faculty of Humanities, University of Copen- hagen, August 1998). Mette Thunø has also continued her research on the Chinese community in Denmark, which originally formed a part of the project. She has decided not to contribute to the present volume, but an early result of her work can be found in her Ph.D. dissertation ‘Chinese Migration to Denmark: Catering and Ethnicity’ (Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, December 1997). The editors wish to thank the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for the gene- rous grant which made this research possible and the Taipei Representative Of- fice in Copenhagen for supporting the project through its various stages. We would also like to thank NIAS for their interest in publishing our manuscript and the Daloon Foundation for a grant covering part of the publication costs.