Notes Chapter 1: The Classical Age 1. Quotations from the Poetics are taken from Aristotle: On the Art of Poetry, translated by Ingram Bywater (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1920). 2. Quotations from Horace are taken from Allen H. Gilbert, Literary Criticism, Plato to Dryden (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1962), pp. 136-9 3. Allen H. Gilbert, p. 155 4. D. A. Russell & M. Winterbottom (eds), Ancient Literary Criticism, The Principal Texts in New Translations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 243. 5. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 145. 6. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 298. 7. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 380. 8. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 299. 9. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 372. 10. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 361. ll. Quoted by William K. Wimsatt J r & Cleanth Brooks in Literary Criticism, A Short History, vol I Classical Criticism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 143. Translation taken from G. Saints bury, A History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe, vol I, pp. 351-2. Chapter 2: The Middle Ages 1. Quoted by Wimsatt & Brooks, vol I, p. 122. 2. St. Augustine, The Ciry of God (De Civitate Dei), translated by John Healey (1610) (London: Dent, Everyman, 1945), p. 49. 3. Quotations from St. Augustine, Confessions, are taken drom the translation by E. B. Pusey ( 1838) (London: Dent, Everyman, 1907). 381 382 NOTES 4. Frederick Coplestone, History of Philosophy, vol II, Mediaeval Philosophy Augustine to Scotus (London: Burns, Oates & Wash­ bourne Ltd, 1950), p. 71, from Sermon 241. 5. StThomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (London: Dominican Latin text and English translation, 1964), part I, question 5, article 4. 6. Aquinas, part I, question 39, article 8. 7. J. W. H. Atkins, English Literary Criticism, The Mediaeval Phase (Cambridge University Press, 1943), p. 67. 8. Russell & Winterbottom, p. 510. 9. Allen H. Gilbert, p. 202. 10. Allen H. Gilbert, p. 211. Chapter 7: The Eighteenth Century II l. T. S. Eliot, The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (London: Faber & Faber, 1933), p. 64. Chapter 8: The Romantic Age I. Peter Morgan, Literary Critics and Reviewers in Early Nineteenth­ Century Britain (Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1983, p. 78). Chapter 9: The Victorian Age l. T. S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood (1920), (London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1960) p. 17. 2. T. S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood, p. 21. 3. Quoted by R. V. Holdsworth (ed), Arthur Symons, Poetry and Prose, (Cheadle: Fyfield Books, Carcanet Press, 1974), p. ll. 4. Quoted by R. V. Holdsworth, op. cit., p. 16. 5. James Joyce, Ulysses, The Corrected Text, edited by H. W. Gabler (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books), p. 168. Chapter 10: The Twentieth Century I l. Leon Edel & Gordon N. Ray (ed), Henry James and H. G. Wells (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1979), pp. 103-5. 2. Quoted by Edel & Ray, p. 247 3. Quoted by David Lodge (ed), 20th Century Literary Criticism (London: Longman, 1972), p. 60 from T. S. Eliot (ed), Literary Essays of Ezra Pound ( 1954). 4. Quoted by David Lodge, p. 65. NOTES 383 5. Quoted by John Press, A Map of Modern English Verse (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 61. 6. Quoted by John Press, p. 41. 7. Quoted by David Lodge, p. 59, from 'A Retrospect'. 8. Quoted by John Press, p. 38, from D. D. Paige (ed), The Letters of E<;ra Pound 1907-1941 (1951), pp.388-9. 9. Foreword to Sondra J. Stang (ed), The Ford Madox Ford Reader (London: Collins, 1987), p. viii. 10. Virginia Woolf, Contemporary Writers, with a Preface by Jean Guiguet (London: The Hogarth Press, 1965), p. 120. 11. 'Modern Fiction' is reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 86-91. 12. Woolf, Contemporary Writers, p. 158. 13. Woolf, p. 91. 14. Woolf, p. 147. 15. Bernard Blackstone, Virginia Woolf (Writers and their Work), (Harlow: Longmans, Green, 1962), p. 22. 16. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Edward Arnold, 1951), pp.232-2. 17. Quoted by John Press, p. 146, from The Athenaeum, 5 Dec. 1919. 18. Richard Rees (ed), John Middleton Murry, Selected Criticism 1916- 1957 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 4. 19. John Middleton Murry, Selected Criticism 1916-1957, p. 11. 20. T. S. Eliot, For Lancelot Andrewes, Essays on Style and Order (London: Faber & Faber, 1970), p. 7 (Preface). 21. T. S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood (London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1920), p. 53. 22. The Sacred Wood, p. 58. 23. Elizabethan Essays (London: Faber & Faber, 1934), p. 50. 24. Points of View (London: Faber & Faber, 1941), p. 14. 25. The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (London: Faber & Faber, 1933), p. 151. 26. Points of View, p. 71. 27. Points of View, p. 74. 28. I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co Ltd, 1934), pp. 32-3. 29. Principles of Literary Criticism, p. 47. 30. Principles of Literary Criticism, p. 246. 31. Principles of Literary Criticism, pp. 267-8. 32. I. A. Richards, Practical Criticism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1929), pp. 14-17. 33. Principles of Literary Criticism, p. 291. 34. Quoted by John Press, p. 119. 384 NOTES 35. William Empsom, Seven Types of Ambiguiry (London: Chatto & Windus, revised 1953), p. 25. 36. Empsom, p. 48 37. Empsom, p. 133 38. R. P. Bilan, The Literary Criticism of F. R. Leavis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 95. 39. Denys Thompson, What to Read in English Literature (London: Heinemann, 1975), p. 115. 40. Quoted by R. P. Bilan, p. 109. 41. Owen Barfield, Poetic Diction (London: Faber & Gwyer, 1928), p. 148 42. G. Wilson Knight, The Wheel of Fire (London: Oxford University Press, 1930), p. 14 Chapter 11: The Twentieth Century II l. E. M. W. Tillyard & C. S. Lewis, The Personal Heresy, A Controversy (London: Oxford University Press, 1939), p. 113. 2. The lecture De Descriptione Temporum is reprinted in David Lodge ( ed), 20th Century Literary Criticism, pp. 443-52. 3. An Experiment in Criticism (Cambridge, 1961), p. 86. 4. An Experiment in Criticism, p. 125. 5. An Experiment in Criticism, p. 127. 6. Fables of Identiry: Studies in Poetic Mythology (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc, 1963). The relevant sections, 'The Archetypes of Literature' and 'Literature as Context: Milton's Lycidas' are reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 443-52. 7. The essay was published in Ransom, The World's Body (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1938). It is reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 228-39. 8. Published by Methuen, London, and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. 9. The article is reprinted in K. M. Newton (ed), Twentieth-Century Literary Theory, A Reader (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Education, 1988), pp. 45-8. 10. The two essays are reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 334-58. II. Roman Jakobson, 'Linguistics and Poetics', reprinted by K. M. Newton (ed) in Twentieth-Century Literary Theory, pp. 119-25. The passage derives from J akobson's 'Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics' in Thomas Sebeok (ed), Sryle in Language (Cam­ bridge, Mass., 1960), pp. 350-9. 12. The section referred to here, 'Literature as Discourse' is reprinted in K. M. Newton, pp. 125-9, from Roger Fowler, Literature as NOTES 385 Social Discourse: The Practice of Linguistic Criticism (London: Batsford, 1981), pp. 80-94. 13. 'Criticism as Language' is reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 647-51. 14. 'Science versus Literature' is reprinted m K. M. Newton, pp. 141--4. 15. 'The Death of the Author' is reprinted in K. M. Newton, pp. 154-7 from Image-Music- Text, trans. Stephen Heath (Lon­ don: Collins, 1977), pp. 142-8. 16. Reprinted in K. M. Newton, pp. 149-54, from The Structuralist Controversy: The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man, eds. Richard Macksey and Eugenio Donato (Baltimore: Johns Hop­ kins University Press, 1972), pp. 147-65. 17. See 'Semiotics as a Theory of Reading', reprinted in K. M. Newton, pp. 172-6, from Jonathan Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 47-51 18. K. M. Newton, p. 160. 'The Resistance to Theory' is reprinted in Newton from Yale French Studies, 63 (1982), pp. 7-17. 19. 'Restoration Comedy: the reality and the myth'. The essay is reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 212-26. 20. The essay is reprinted (in part) in David Lodge, pp. 474-87, from The Meaning of Contemporary Realism, trans John & Necke Mander (London: Merlin Press Ltd, 1963). 21. Reprinted in David Lodge, pp. 581-91, chapter 7 of The Long Revolution (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1965). 22. The passage in question, 'Towards a Science of the Text', is reprinted inK. M. Newton, pp. 247-51, from Criticism and Ideology (London: Verso, 1976). 23. Quoted by Raman Selden (ed.), The Theory ofCriticismfrom Plato to the Present (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 533 & 534. 24. Josephine Donovan, 'Beyond the Net: Feminist Criticism as a Moral Criticism', reprinted in K. M. Newton, pp. 264-8, from Denver Quarterly, 17 (1983), pp. 40-53. 25. Reprinted in K. M. Newton, pp. 268-72, from Mary Jacobus (ed.), Women Writing and Writing about Women (London: Croom Helm, 1979), pp. 25-40. 26. N. M. Newton, pp. 270-l. 27. Reprinted in Raman Selden. See pp. 541-3. 28. Reprinted in K. M. Newton, 272-7, from After Strange Texts (Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1985), pp. 86-100. Further Reading History of criticism ATKINS, J.W.H.: English Literary Criticism, 3 vols, I The Mediaeval Phase (London: Methuen, 1952), II The Renascence (London: Methuen, 1947), III Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London: Methuen, 1951) FOAKES, R.A.: Romantic Criticism 1800-1850 (London: Edward Arnold, 1968) MORGAN, PETER F.: Literary Critics and Reviewers in Early Nineteenth Century Britain (Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm, 1983) PRESS, JOHN: A Map of Modern English Verse (London: Oxford University Press, 1969).