Millllllllllllllllllii' ES9700125 Centro de Investigaciones Energ&icas, Medioambientales y Tecnol6gicas Miner Particle generation methods applied in large-scale experiments on aerosol behaviour and source term studies r M. Swiderska-Kowalczyk FJ. Gomez M. Martin Informes Tecnicos Ciemat 819 Febrerol997 VOL 2 8 Ne 15 Informes Tecnicos Ciemat 819 Febrerol997 Particle generation methods applied in large-scale experiments on aerosol behaviour and source term studies r M. Swiderska-Kowalczyk FJ. Gomez M. Martin Instituto de Tecnologia Energetica Convencional Toda correspondencia en relacion con este trabajo debe dirigirse al Servicio de Information y Documentation, Centra de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-MADRID, ESPANA. Las solicitudes de ejemplares deben dirigirse a este mismo Servicio. Los descriptores se han seleccionado del Thesauro del DOE para describir las materias que contiene este informe con vistas a su recuperation. La catalogacion se ha hecho utilizando el documento DOE/TIC-4602 (Rev. 1) Descriptive Cataloguing On-Line, y la clasificacion de acuerdo con el documento DOE/TIC.4584-R7 Subject Categories and Scope publicados por el Office of Scientific and Technical Information del Departamento de Energia de los Estados Unidos. Se autoriza la reproduction de los resumenes analiticos que aparecen en esta publication. Deposito Legal: M-14226-1995 NIPO: 238-97-001-5 ISSN: 1135-9420 Editorial CIEMAT CLASIFICACION DOE Y DESCRIPTORES 540130 PARTICLE PRODUCTION, SOURCE TERMS, AEROSOLS, AEROSOL MONITORING, AIR POLLUTION, EVAPORATION, ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT "Particle generation methods applied in large-scale experiments on aerosol behaviour and source term studies" Swiderska-Kowalczyk, M.; Gomez, F.J.; Mart'n, M. 112 pp. 38 figs. 50 refs. Abstract In aerosol research aerosols of known size, shape, and density are highly desirable because most aerosol properties depend strongly on particle size. However, such constant and reproducible generation of those aerosol particles whose size and concentration can be easily controlled, can be achieved only in laboratory-scale tests. In large scale experiments, different generation methods for various elements and compounds have been applied. This work presents, in a brief form, a review of applications of these methods used in large scale experiments on aerosol behaviour and source term. Description of generation method and generated aerosol transport conditions is followed by properties of obtained aerosol, aerosol instrumentation used, and the scheme of aerosol generation system -wherever it was available. An information concerning aerosol generation particular purposes and reference number(s) is given at the end of a particular case. These methods reviewed are: evaporation-condensation, using a furnace heating and using a plasma torch; atomization of a liquid, using compresesed air nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers and atomization of liquid suspension; and dispersion of powders. Among the projects included in this worked are: ACE, LACE, GE Experiments, EPRI Experiments, LACE-Espana, UKAEA Experiments, BNWL Experiments, ORNL Experiments, MARVIKEN, SPARTA and DEMONA. The main chemical compounds studied are: Ba, Cs, CsOH, Csl, Ni, Cr, Nal, TeO2, UO2A12O3, Al2Si05, B2O3, Cd, CdO, Fe2O3. MnO, SiO2, AgO. SnO2. Te, U3O8, BaO, CsCI, CsNO3, Uranine, RuO2, TiO2, A1(OH)3, BaSO4, Eu2O3 and Sn. "Metodos de generation de particulas aplicados en experimentos a gran escala sobre comportamiento de aerosoles y estudios de termino fuente" Swiderska-Kowalczyk, M; Gomez, F.J.; Martin, M. 112 pp. 38 figs. 50 refs. Resumen En investigation de aerosoles, es altamente deseable el uso de particulas de tamaflo, forma y densidad conocidas debido a que las propiedades mas importantes del aerosol dependen fuertemente del tamafto de particula. Sin embargo, tal generacion constante y reproducible de dichas particulas, cuya concentration y tamaflo pueda ser facilmente controlable, s61o puede alcanzarse en pruebas a escala de laboratorio. En experimentos a gran escala de estudio de aerosoles, se han aplicado diferentes metodos de generacion para diversos eiementos y compuestos. El presente trabajo presenta una revision de las aplicaciones de estos metodos usados en experimentos a gran escala sobre comportamiento de aerosoles y termino fuente. La description del mdtodo de generacion y las condiciones de transporte del aerosol generado viene seguida de las propiedades del aerosol obtenido, la instrumentaci6n de caracterizacion de aerosoles y un esquema del sistema utilizado. Estos metodos revisados son: evaporaci6n-condensaci6n, usando hornos convencionales o antorcha de plasma; atomizacibn de un liquido, usando nebulizadores de aire comprimido, ultras6nicos o atomizaci6n de suspensiones; y dispersi6n de polvos. Entre los proyectos incluidos en este trabajo estan: ACE, LACE, Experimentos de GE, Experimentos de EPRI, LACE- Espana, Experimentos de la UKAEA, Experimentos de BNWL, Experimentos de ORNL, MARVIKEN, SPARTA y DEMONA. Los principales compuestos quimicos utilizados son: Ba, Cs, CsOH, Csl, Ni, Cr, Nal, TeO2, UO2A12O3, Al2SiO,. B2O3, Cd. CdO, Fe2O3. MnO. SiO2. AgO, SnO2, Te, U3O,, BaO, CsCI, CsNO3, Uranina, RuO2, TiO2, A1(OH)3, BaSO4, Eu2O3 ySn. INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMMES CONCERNING FISSION PRODUCT AEROSOL BEHAVIOUR STUDIES INCLUDING AEROSOL GENERATION 3 REMARKS ON SOME FISSION PRODUCTS AND CORE MATERIALS AEROSOLS 3.1 Barium Oxide. BaO 3.2 Cadmium. Cd. and Silver. Ag 3 3 Caesium Iodide. Csl 3 4 Caesium Hydroxide. CsOH 3.5 Chromium. Cr. and Nickel. Ni 3.6 Manganese Oxide. MnO 3.7 Ruthenium. Ru 3.8 Tin. Sn 3.9 Tellurium and Tellurium Dioxide. Te and TeO, 3.10 Other aerosols in presented experiments 4. SOME PHYSICAL FEATURES OF EXAMINED AEROSOLS 5. EVAPORATION - CONDENSATION METHOD 5.1 Evaporation - condensation with furnace heating 5.1.1 Banum. Ba (BNWL) 5.1.2 Caesium. Cs (BNWL) 5.1.3 Caesium Hydroxide, CsOH 5.1.3.A ACE 5.1.3.B LACE 5.1.4 Caesium Iodide. Csl 5.1.4.A ACE 5148 GE Experiments 5.I.4.C EPRI Experiments 5.I.4.D LACE-Espafia Experiments 5.1.4.E UKAEA Experiments 5.1.5 Nickel and Chromium (UKAEA) 5.1.6 Sodium Iodide. Nal (ACE) 5.1.7 Tellurium Dioxide. TcO, .7.A BNWL Experiments 7.B EPRI Experiments 5.1.8 Uranium Dioxide. UO, .8.A BNWL Experirnents 8.B OJvNL Expcrimentsjjj 8C ORNL Experiments (2) 5.2. Evaporation - condensation method with the use of a plasma torch 5.2.1 Aluminum Oxide. ALO, (ORNL) 5.2.2 Aluminum Silicate. AI,SiO5 (ORNL) 5.2.3 Boron Oxide. B,O, (ORNL) 5.2.4" Cadmium. Cd (ORNL) 5.2.5 Cadmium Oxide. CdO (ORNL) 5.2 6 Caesium Iodide. Csl 5.2.6.A MARVIKEN Experiments 5.2.6.B SPARTA Tests 5.2.7 Caesium Hydroxide. CsOH (MARVIKEN) 5.2.8 Iron (III) Oxide. FcX), 5.2.8.A ORNL,..,.Exgerimentg_( 1J 5.2.8.B OR^'"^ 5.2.8.C Mgrcierj& Schog£k^^ Experiments 5.2.9 Manganese Oxide. MnO 5.2.9.A LACE 5.2.9.B ACE 5.2.10 Silicon Dioxide. SiO: (ORNL) 5.2.11 Silver, Ag (DEMONA) 5.2.12 Silver Oxide. AgO (Mercier and Schoeck experiments) 5.2.13 Tin Dioxide, SnO: 5.2.13.A DEMONA; Experiments 52136 Mercier & Schoeck Experiments 5.2.13.C ACE 5.2.13.D ORNL Ex£eriments 5.2.14 Tellurium^ Te"" "'" (MARVIKEN) 5.2.15 Uranium Oxide (Triuranium Octooxide), U3OS (ORNL) 5.3 Chemical reaction + condensation 5.3.1 Barium and Barium Oxide, Ba and BaO (BNWL) 53 2 Caesium Oxides. Cs:0 and CsO (BNWL) 5.3.3 Iron (III) Oxide. Fe:6, (DEMONA) 5.3.4 Ruthenium and Ruthenium Oxide. Ru and RuO4 (BNWL) 5.3.5 Telluriun Oxide. TeO: 6. ATOMIZATION OF A LIQUID 6 1 Compressed Air Nebulizers 6.1.1 Caesium Chloride. CsCI 6.1.2 Caesium Iodide. Csl (JAERI) 6.1.3 Caesium Nitrate. CsNO, 6.1.4 Sodium, Na (ACE) 6.1.5 Sodium Hydroxide. NaOH (LACE) 6.1.6 Sodium Chloride, NaCl 6.1.6.A Ruecker & Sc 6.1.6.B Van Dingenen &. 6.1.7 Uranine (Sodium Salt of Fluoresceinc) C^H^OsNa; (ACE) 6.2 Ultrasonic nebulizers 6.2.1 Caesium Iodide. Csl (CEA) 6 3 Atomization of liquid suspensions 6.3.1 Ruthenium Dioxide, RuO, 6.3.2 Titanium Dioxide. TiO, 7. DISPERSION OF POWDERS 7.1 Aluminum Hydroxide. Al(OH), (LACE) 7.2 Barium Sulfate. BaSO, (ACE) 7.3 Europium Oxide. Eu,O, (UKAEA) 7.4 Tin. Sn (EPRI) 8. REFERENCES Ill LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of core behaviour during severe accidents. Table 2. Estimated vaporized fractions for PWR cores with and without silver alloy control rods. Table 3. Estimated vaporized fractions for BWR cores. Table 4. Radiologically important nuclides and their half-lives. IV LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Schematic of aerosol system release (BNWL). Figure 2. Apparatus for sustained linear release of caesium aerosol. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the CsOH aerosol generation system (ACE). Figure 4. TEM photographs of the CsOH/MnO aerosol particles mixture, obtained in the LWR Aerosol Containment Experiments. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the HI injection system (ACE). Figure 6. SEM picture of the Csl aerosol particles (EPRI). Figure 7. SEM photomicrographs of the Csl aerosol particles obtained in one of the LACE- Espana experiments. Figure 8. SEM photomicrograph of one particle of the Csl aerosol (LACE-Espana). Figure 9. Plume chamber used for the Csl aerosol generation (UKAEA). Figure 10. SEM micrographs of the Csl aerosol particles (UKAEA). Figure 11. UKAEA aerosol generation system. Figure 12. Nal aerosol generation system (ACE). Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the facility with the TeO: aerosol generation system. Figure 14. Photomicrographs of UO; aerosols from molten stainless steel clad UO: source. Figure 15. Cadmium metal aerosol agglomerate showing mainly spherical particles. Figure 16. SEM photomicrograph of the CdO aerosol agglomerate. Figure 17. Assembly of large aerosol generation system and reactor test vessel (MARVIKEN) Figure 18. Scheme of the SPARTA experimental facility with aerosol generation systems. Figure 19. SPARTA Csl aerosol generation system.