Arif Hussain Bhat. et al. /Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6(1), 2018, 12-19. Review Article ISSN: 2349 – 7106 Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal home page: www.ajrcps.com A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GENUS NEPETA Arif Hussain Bhat* 1, Aparna Alia 2, Bharty Kumar 1, Ghulam Mustafa Rather 1 1* Department of Botany, Government M. V. M, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. 2Department of Botany, Rajeev Gandhi College, Shahpura, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Genus Nepeta (family Lamiaceae ) is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa and they are commonly known as catmints. The essential oils of Nepeta genus are characterized by the presence of one or more of the nepetalactone isomers which are the biochemical markers of this genus. The major compounds present in the essential oils of different Nepeta species have been summarized in this review article. KEYWORDS Nepeta, Phytochemical and Aromatic. INTRODUCTON Author for Correspondence: Lamiaceae-the ‘mint family’-is cosmopolitan with Mediterranean as the chief centre of distribution. The family comprises a total of 180 genera and Arif Hussain Bhat, 3500 species. Harley et al . recognize 236 genera 1 Department of Botany, and 7200 species , and Heywood et al . assign 6900 species 2. In India, the family is represented by 67 Government M. V. M, Bhopal, genera and 405 species distributed mainly in Madhya Pradesh, India. mountainous regions. The members of the family are characterized by the quadriangular stem, verticillaster inflorescence, bilipped flowers, Email: [email protected] gynobasic style, deeply 4-lobedovary and aromatic nature. Kashmir Himalaya is located in the north western extreme of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot and contributes nearly 20% species within Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com January – March 12 Arif Hussain Bhat. et al. /Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6(1), 2018, 12-19. just 2.15 % of the total land area of entire Most Nepeta species are rich in essential oils and Himalaya 3. This region is a hub of medicinal and various biologically active iridoids/monoterpene aromatic plants, most of which flourish in the sub- nepetalactones have been reported in several Nepeta alpine/alpine mountainous region. Lamiaceae is species possessing diverse biological activities, viz., widely used in traditional systems of medicine and feline attractant, canine attractant, insect repellant horticulture. The genus is native to Europe, Asia, and arthropod defense 10,11 . Some specific reports on and Africa and they are commonly known medicinal properties of Labiates include antitumour as catmints. The essential oils of Nepeta genus are and anti-inflammatoryactivity 12 , antioxidant characterized by the presence of one or more of the activity 13 , anticancer activity 14 and antibacterial nepetalactone isomers which are the biochemical activity 15 . In Kashmir Himalaya, Lamiaceae is the markers of this genus. Several species of the genus second largest gamopetalous family with 32 genera Nepeta have interesting biological activities and are and 88 species 3. used in traditional system of medicine as laxative to The Key compounds 16 i.e, one or more of the treat dysentery, kidney and liver diseases and teeth nepetalactone isomers which are the biochemical troubles; they are also used as diuretic, diaphoretic, markers of this genus, some major compounds vulnerary, antispasmodic, antiasthmatic, tonic, present in the essential oils of few species and some febrifuge and sedative agents 4-7. Several Nepeta major compounds present in few common species are also reported to reduce serum lipids and Himalayan species are summarized in the tables anti-inflammatory effects 8,9 . below, Table No.1: Species which contained nepetalactone as principal constituents S.No Species Principal Compounds Ref. 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; β-elemene/ β-elemol; (Z)-β- 1 N. sintenissii 17 farnesene/farnesol; germacrene-D; α-terpineol/4-Terpineol; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 2 N. racemosa 18 4a α, 7α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; α-pinene/ β- 3 N. assurgens 19 pinene; O: α-terpineol/4-Terpineol; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 4 N. cadmea 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 20 5 N. caesarea 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 21, 22 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; α-pinene/ β-pinene; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α- 6 N. cephalotes 23, 24 nepetalactone, 7 N. crassifolia 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 25 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 β, 7a β-nepetalactone/4a α, 7 β, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8 N. x faassenii 26 8-cineole; germacrene-D; α-pinene/ β-pinene; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 9 N. govaniana 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; β-elemene/ β-elemol; germacrene-D 27 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; (E or Z) α or β-caryophyllene/ β-caryophyllene oxide; 4a α, 10 N. mirzayanni 24 7α, 7a α-nepetalactone 11 N. persica 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 28 12 N. racemosa 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 29 13 N. teydea 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; α-pinene/ β-pinene; α-terpineol/4-Terpineol 30 14 N. argolica ssp 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 31 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; (E or Z) α or β-caryophyllene/ β-caryophyllene oxide; (Z)- 15 N. atlantica 32 β-farnesene/farnesol; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 β, 7a β-nepetalactone/ 16 N. cataria 4a α, 7 β, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; (E or Z) α or β-caryophyllene/ β-caryophyllene 32, 33, 34 oxide; limonene/ linalool; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com January – March 13 Arif Hussain Bhat. et al. /Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6(1), 2018, 12-19. 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 17 N. coerulea 35 4a β, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone 18 N. granatensis 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; α-pinene/ β-pinene; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 32 19 N. meyeri 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 36 4a α,7 α,7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α,7 α,7a β-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; (E or Z) α or β- 20 N. nuda 37, 38 caryophyllene/ β-caryophyllene oxide 21 N. nepetella 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone 35 22 N. racemosa 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone 39 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; germacrene-D; α-pinene/ β- 23 N. rtanjensis 40, 41 pinene; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; β-elemene/ β- 24 N. septemcrenata 42 elemol; limonene/ linalool; α-terpineol/4-Terpineol; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 4a α,7 α,7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α,7 α,7a β-nepetalactone; germacrene-D; 4a α,7 α,7a α- 25 N. transcaucasica 43 nepetalactone 26 N. tuberose 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 32 27 N. bornmuelleri 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 24 28 N. eremophila 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone, 44 29 N. persica 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; α-pinene/ β-pinene 45 30 N. saccharata 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; germacrene-D; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 46 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 31 N. argolica 47 4a β, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone 32 N. grandiflora 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone 48 33 N. kotschyi 4a β, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 49 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a β-nepetalactone; 4a β, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 34 N. crassifolia 50 4a α, 7 β, 7a β-nepetalactone/4a α, 7 β, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole 4a α, 7 β, 7a β-nepetalactone/4a α, 7 β, 7a α-nepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; germacrene-D; 35 N. betonicifolia 46 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 36 N. crassifolia 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone; 4a α, 7 β, 7a β-nepetalactone/4a α, 7 β, 7a α-nepetalactone 34 4a α, 7 β, 7a β-nepetalactone/4a α, 7 β, 7a α-nepetalactone; β-elemene/ β-elemol; 37 N. nuda 51 germacrene-D 38 N. angustifaliathe nepetalactone/ epinepetalactone; 4a α, 7 α, 7a α-nepetalactone 52 nepetalactone/ epinepetalactone; 1, 8-cineole; (E or Z) α or β-caryophyllene/ β- caryophyllene oxide; β-elemene/ β-elemol; (Z)-β-farnesene/farnesol; germacrene-D; 39 N.