The 2010 Football World Cup and the Rainbow Nation A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Upcoming Football World Cup 2010 in South Africa. Linn Rannstad Lra048 University of Bergen 01. 02. 2010 Acknowledgements I would first of all like to thank everyone in Cape Town for the inspiration to continue with a master thesis. A special thanks to Roland who sent me the Sunday Times newspapers and who always reminds me of the beauty in South Africa. To Lene, Kristine, Frank and Thale, thank you for all the constructive criticism and positivity. My student counsellor Lars- Arve Røssland who has been very patient and Ole Vegard at Café Opera who has been so supportive, thank you. Last but not least, a great thank you to my mother who always supports me and does not take my mood swings personally, even in the most critical times. Linn 1 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Research questions ............................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Thesis goals ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 South African news coverage - a conflict of interests? ...................................................... 6 1.4 The Sunday Times: Material and Selection Criteria. ......................................................... 8 1.5 The composition of the Sunday Times ................................................................................ 9 1.6 Ownership in the South African Press .............................................................................. 10 1.6.1 The English speaking press......................................................................................... 10 1.6.2 The Afrikaans speaking press ..................................................................................... 11 1.7 Structure of the following thesis ........................................................................................ 11 Chapter 2. South Africa and the historical context ..................................................................... 13 2.1 The historical context. ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2. Apartheid- the ruthless system .......................................................................................... 14 2.3 The first phase of apartheid and the Freedom Charter ..................................................... 15 2.4 The second phase of apartheid and the Sharpeville Massacre ......................................... 16 2.5 Apartheids third phase and the aftermath of the Soweto Uprising .................................. 17 2.6 The traditional role of Rugby in South Africa .................................................................. 18 2.7 The preparations towards the Rugby World Cup 1995 .................................................... 19 2.8 The 1995 Rugby World Cup .............................................................................................. 21 2.9 Football in South Africa ..................................................................................................... 21 2.10 Sport, Politics and Nationalism. ...................................................................................... 22 2.11 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3. Research Design ......................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Qualitative and quantitative method. ................................................................................. 24 3.3 Semiotic studies and Linguistics........................................................................................ 27 3.4 Teun A. van Dijk -meaning and ideologies. .................................................................... 27 3.5 Roger Fowler – linguistics ................................................................................................. 28 3.6 Discourse as a theory. ......................................................................................................... 29 3.7 What is Critical Discourse Analysis? ................................................................................ 30 3.8 Critical Discourse Analysis ................................................................................................ 31 3.9 Criticism and problems ...................................................................................................... 33 3.10 Conflict and Consensus theory ........................................................................................ 34 3.11 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4. Critical Discourse Analysis ........................................................................................ 37 4.1 Structure of analysis ........................................................................................................... 38 4.2. Norman Fairclough ............................................................................................................ 40 4.3 Teun A. van Dijk ................................................................................................................ 42 4.4 The social context for South African discourse ................................................................ 43 4.5 Discursive Dimensions ....................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 5. Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 47 The upcoming Football World Cup in the Sunday Times ...................................................... 47 5.1 The sportive discourse ........................................................................................................ 48 5.1.1 Sport and ethnic affairs - the question of race quotas. .............................................. 48 5.1.2 Sport as a nation- builder. ........................................................................................... 50 5.1.3 Sport and the economical concerns of the upcoming World Cup. ........................... 54 5.1.4 Practical challenges towards the coming Football World Cup................................. 55 5.1.5 Bafana bafana and their role in the upcoming World Cup ....................................... 56 5.2 The 2010 World Cup in a political discourse ................................................................... 57 5.2.1 Health and development in the context of nation- building...................................... 58 2 5.2.2 Crime in South Africa ................................................................................................. 62 5.3 Media discourse ...................................................................................................................... 65 5.3.1 Media, power and ethnic affairs ................................................................................. 67 5.3.2 Media and the African context. .................................................................................. 67 5.4 The Football World Cup 2010 as a nation- builder. ......................................................... 69 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 70 6.0 Chapter. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 71 Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................................... 73 The chronological history of South Africa. ............................................................................. 73 Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................................... 79 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 79 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 81 Internet ....................................................................................................................................... 88 Newspapers ............................................................................................................................... 89 Chapter 1. Introduction 3 South Africa has become known as a „success story‟ with its transition from apartheid to democracy in the 1990‟s. Without any of the major conflicts one believed might arise. Fronted by the charismatic Nelson Mandela South Africa was to be known as the „rainbow nation‟ reflecting the possibilities in a country with such a diverse demography, culture and traditions not only the conflicts and challenges known from the past. This thesis evolved during my year as an abroad student in Cape Town, and I was intrigued by the South African history, its