he competition as institution and process represents a complex system for production and Process as Institution Architectural Competitions of architectural knowledge by design in a future-oriented context. The present book Trevolves around four key concepts: architectural competition, institution, process and adjustments of contemporary competition structures. They may seem randomly assembled in order to form a pertinent book title, but considered as individual entities, they may also Architectural characterise the contemporaneous status of architectural competitions in the second decade of the new millennium. The empirical findings accounted for here bringout five aspects that describe an on-going process of adjustments that is taking place in contemporary architectural competitions in architecture and urban design. The conclusion is that these adjustments in the competition as institution and process reflect new conditions in the structure of architectural Competitions competitions that apply to both clients and architects as a profession. �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������The modern competition is at one and the same time a well-established praxis in architec- ture and urban design, made explicit in relation to national, European and international rules as Institution of competition. The competition has also come to be an instrument of an architectural politics nature in national governmental programmes in Europe, when aiming to create architectural attractions.����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� The modern architectural competition is an institution within architecture and ur- ban design going back one hundred and fifty years in Europe that has been recreated in new and Process practice with the help of rules, traditions and organisations. Both organisers and competing architects and their professional organisations contribute to the preservation of the competi- tion as institution and process. This anthology includes selected and processed papers from a conference on competitions in architecture and urban design at the TU Delft in 2014. Rönn and Magnus Gerd Bloxham Zettersten Andersson E. Editors: Jonas Authors Jonas E. Andersson, PhD Kristian Kreiner, Professor em. Gerd Bloxham Zettersten, Ass. professor Beatrice Manzoni, PhD Carmela Cucuzzella, Professor Magnus Rönn, Ass. Professor Silvia Forlati, PhD Hedley Smyth, Professor Michel Geertse, PhD Justas Pipinis, Student Pedro Guilherme, PhD Leentje Volker, PhD Antigoni Katsakou, PhD Leif Östman, PhD Editors: Jonas E. Andersson isbnISBN 978-91-98151-28-2978-91-98151-28-2 Gerd Bloxham Zettersten and Magnus Rönn Architectural Competitions as Institution and Process Architectural Competitions as Institution and Process Editors: Jonas E. Andersson Gerd Bloxham Zettersten and Magnus Rönn The Royal Institute of Technology and Kulturlandskapet Buying the book? Homepage: www.kulturland.se/bokhandel/ Contact: [email protected] architectural competitions as institution and process Publishers: The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Kulturlandskapet, Fjällbacka, Sweden Homepage: http://www.kulturland.se Editors: Jonas E. Andersson, Gerd Bloxham Zettersten and Magnus Rönn Authors: Jonas E. Andersson, Gerd Bloxham Zettersten, Carmela Cucuzzella, Silvia Forlati, Michel Geertse, Pedro Miguel Hernandez Salvador Guilherme, Antigoni Katsakou, Kristian Kreiner, Beatrice Manzoni, Justas Pipinis, Magnus Rönn, Hedley Smyth, Leentje Volker and Leif Östman. Title: The architectural competition as institution and process TRITA-ARK-Forskningspublikationer 2016:2 ISSN 1402-7453 ISRN KTH/ARK/FP—16:02—SE ISBN: 978-91-7729-048-3 ISBN: 978-91-98151-28-2 Financial support: Åke Wibergs stiftelse, Sven Tyréns Stiftelse and Ivar and Anders Tengboms fond Frontpage: Manipulated image from the competition in 2013 on a new city in Kiruna based on a proposal from White Architects. © Lantmäteriet. Medgivande R50388054 160001. Graphic design: Ingemar Bengtsson Printing: Scandinavian Book Contents Introduction 7 jonas e. andersson, gerd bloxham zettersten and magnus rönn part 1 Chapter 1: 35 The Inaccessibility of Building Accessibility: Giving Visual and Material form to Innovation kristian kreiner Chapter 2: 63 Reuse of dreams/changes of foci. Expectations and steering conditions in two city hall competition processes in Kiruna, Sweden, in 2011-13 versus in 1956-58 gerd bloxham zettersten Chapter 3: 95 The Architect, the Client, the Competition … and the Struggle antigoni katsakou part 2 Chapter 4: 117 Tensions between Expert Evaluations and Qualitative Judgment in Canadian Architectural Competitions carmela cucuzzella Chapter 5: 139 Sustainability Requirements in Architectural Competitions – The Aalto Campus 2015 Case leif östman part 3 Chapter 6: 163 Recent developments in Dutch architectural competition culture michel geertse Chapter 7: 187 The Architectural Competition and the Concept of ‘The Client Regime’ – From requirement in invitation to selection of design teams magnus rönn part 4 Chapter 8: 225 The relevance of international design competitions for Portuguese architecture pedro guilherme Chapter 9: 261 About and beyond winning competitions. Strategic considerations for architectural practices silvia forlati Chapter 10: 281 Responsiveness to competitions in architecture: Rationality, opportunism or Swedish whim? jonas e. andersson part 5 Chapter 11: 317 Iconic on Purpose - A draft for performative iconification theory justas pipinis Chapter 12: 343 Embracing paradoxes to manage architectural competitions beatrice manzoni, leentje volker and hedley smyth Acknowledgment 362 - Financial support - Authors - Editors - Reviewers andersson, bloxham zettersten & rönn: introduction Introduction jonas e. andersson gerd bloxham zettersten and magnus rönn The present book revolves around four key concepts. These concepts are ar- chitectural competition, institution, process and adjustments of contemporary competition structures. They may seem randomly assembled in order to form a pertinent book title, but considered as individual entities, they may also charac- terise the contemporaneous status of architectural competitions in the second decade of the new millennium. For clarity’s sake, what then is an architectural competition? Besides being an intentional combination of words, which ety- mologically suggests that architecture is not only the art of building, but in con- junction with competition also implies a mutual struggle between architects and other stakeholders to land the ideal design and constructive solution for a particular design problem, competitions in architecture are a phenomenon that is closely related to the practice of architecture, i.e. in a noble and fair spirit think outside established values and norms in order to renew spatial think- ing (Cuff, 1992). The practice of architecture suggests spatial explorations of potential design solutions with the intent to define what is perceived to be the ultimate solution for a certain spatial issue that centres on human beings in close interaction with built space with the quest to define place and space for different types of usages (Lefebvre, 1985). Looking back in history, architectural competitions can be loosely linked to the ancient Greek tradition of organising Olympic Games every fourth year as a celebration of the Greek god Zeus, father of the universe. Rooted in an- cient myths, Greek poet Pindar tells us that Heracles honoured his Olympian father by constructing the very first stadium, based on a straight line of 200 herculean steps, i.e. a stadion in the ancient Greek language or approximatively 600 Greek feet according to Herodotus, thus giving the world both a new type of building for practising sporting activities and a name for a unit of length. architectural competitions as institution and process 7 andersson, bloxham zettersten & rönn: introduction Banned by Emperor Theodosius I in 393 AD as being part of a pagan cult, the Olympic Games ceased to exist. The French Revolution awoke the games for a short two-year period between 1796 to 1798, in which the metric system was introduced and used for the very first time (Arvin-Bérod, 1994). Possibly due to its fundamental role in the original Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin designated architecture to be one of the five categories under the arts section when the first Games reopened in Athens in 1896. Until the end of the 1940s, the arts section of the Olympic Games (OG) turned into large art expositions in the proximity of the sports arenas, greatly appreciated by the public. However, the art category of the OG raised the collective eyebrows of the members of the International Olympic Committee (OC), since the artists in comparison with the athletes were considered to be professional rather than amateurs. In 1948, after the Games in London, the decision was taken to dismantle the arts as an Olympic category and reshape it into a parallel activity held during the Games. Returning to competitions that occur in the field of architecture, history sug- gests, that prior to the 19th century, such competitions oscillated between prize competitions for small-scale artefacts and large-scale building commissions, but in any case open only for just a few craftsmen, who had gained a personal reputation. The very first recorded design competition was organised in ancient Greece in 448 BC in conjunction with the reconstruction of the ancient Acropo- lis in Athens that had been