Western North American Naturalist Volume 60 Number 3 Festschrift: Gary L. Vinyard Article 6 8-11-2000 Distribution and ecology of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from springs of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon: a preliminary study Okan Külköylüoğlu University of Nevada, Reno Gary L. Vinyard University of Nevada, Reno Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Külköylüoğlu, Okan and Vinyard, Gary L. (2000) "Distribution and ecology of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from springs of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon: a preliminary study," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 60 : No. 3 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol60/iss3/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 60(3), © 2000, pp. 291–303 DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER OSTRACODA (CRUSTACEA) COLLECTED FROM SPRINGS OF NEVADA, IDAHO, AND OREGON: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Okan Külköylüoˆglu1,2 and Gary L. Vinyard1,3 ABSTRACT.—Fourteen freshwater ostracod species collected from 24 springs in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon between 1991 and 1994 were classified. Their ecology, based on major water parameters (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity), and biogeographical distribution in North America were studied. Among these 14 species, 9 (Ilyocypris bradyi, I. gibba, Darwinula stevensoni, Candona candida, Heterocypris incongruens, Herpetocypris reptans, H. chevreuxi, Prionocypris canadensis, P. longiforma) are new records for Nevada’s ostracod fauna, while 3 (H. reptans, P. canadensis, and Cypria turneri) are new species for Oregon. H. reptans, P. canadensis, and Heterocypris salina are also recorded as new for the ostracod literature of Idaho. Scottia pseudobrowniana, collected from Nevada, is a new ostracod species for the United States. The occurrence of 5 Holarctic species in the northern Great Basin area may suggest a possible historical relationship with the European ostracod fauna. Key words: Ostracoda, springs, distribution, ecology, new records, Scottia pseudobrowniana. Ostracods, in general, can be found in most a much higher number (Smith 1993). For exam- types of water including fresh, brackish, and ple, in her study, Smith was able to record 26 saline, as well as their combinations. Because species from 38 lakes. they are sensitive to changes in their aquatic Despite incomplete data or species listings, environment, ostracods are useful as indica- such studies contribute important information tors of physical and chemical conditions. For concerning relationship(s) between species example, seasonal variations in water tempera- occurrence/absence and both physical and ture may affect their distribution, life span, ecological factors. Knowing the biogeographic and abundance (Külköylüoˆglu 1998). distribution of a particular ostracod, for exam- Although ostracods are important in both ple, can reveal evidence of correlations with biological and paleontological studies and pre- temperature (Forester 1991), ion composition, vious studies indicate high and unique species and historical events (Baltanás et al. 1990). richness and biogeographic distribution in the Geographic distributions of some taxa, in- United States, modern investigations of species cluding some subsurface ostracods, may be due composition of freshwater ostracod faunas (par- to either passive or active dispersal processes ticularly in the western United States) give (Danielopol et al. 1994). Individuals, generally comparatively incomplete listings. Tressler eggs, can be carried passively by some insects (1959) listed 193 species known to occur in (Bronstein 1947, Fryer 1953), snails (Sohn and North America. Most species in his list have Kornicker 1972), amphibians (Seidel 1989), been studied in specific regions, i.e., Ohio fish (Kornicker and Sohn 1971, Victor et al. (Furtos 1933), Washington (Dobbin 1941), Illi- 1979, Vinyard 1979), birds (Löffler 1964, Proc- nois (Hoff 1942), Iowa (Danforth 1948), south tor 1964, Frith 1967, De Deckker 1977, Scharf central Texas (Wise 1961), and Gull Lake, 1988), waterfowl (De Deckker 1983), and Michigan (McGregor 1972). According to Pen- man, through accidental transportation (Bron- nak (1989), more than 300 freshwater ostra- stein 1947). Additionally, ostracods can extend cods are known from the United States. How- their distribution actively by swimming. ever, most recent works, particularly in west- The purpose of this preliminary study was ern and central Minnesota, eastern South to investigate the distribution, ecology, and Dakota, and northern North Dakota, indicate diversity of freshwater ostracods by examining 1Department of Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada–Reno, Reno, NV 89557- 0015. 2Present address: Department of Biology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy 14280 Bolu, Turkey. 3Deceased. 291 292 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 60 their relationships with selected parameters in Genus: Cypria Zenker, 1854 springwaters. Cypria turneri Hoff, 1942 Family: Cyprididae Baird, 1845 MATERIALS AND METHODS Subfamily: Scottinae Bronstein, 1947 Genus: Scottia Brady and Norman, Samples were collected with a hand dip net 1889 from 24 springwaters (16 in Nevada, 5 in Scottia pseudobrowniana Kempf, 1971 Idaho, and 3 in Oregon; Fig. 1) between 1991 Subfamily: Cyprinotinae Bronstein, and 1994. After water parameters were mea- 1947 sured in the field, samples were fixed in 10% Genus: Heterocypris Claus, 1892 formalin and subsequently stored in glass jars Heterocypris salina (Brady, 1868) in 70% ethanol. In the laboratory, species Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr, were separated from other materials with 1808) standard sieves (0.25-, 0.5-, 1.0-, 2.0-mm mesh Subfamily: Herpetocypridinae sizes) under pressurized tap water. We dis- Kaufmann, 1910 sected specimens in lactophenol; valves were Genus: Herpetocypris Brady and then separated from the soft body, which was Norman, 1889 also dissected. Species were identified based Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Sars, 1896) on both soft body parts and valve morphology. Herpetocypris reptans (Baird, 1835) Drawings were made with camera lucida. All Genus: Prionocypris Brady and materials were archived in the Department of Norman, 1896 Biology, University of Nevada, Reno. Prionocypris canadensis (Sars, 1926) Prionocypris (Strandesia) longiforma TAXONOMY (Dobbin, 1941) In this study we followed the systematic Subfamily: Cypridinae Baird, 1845 key of Hartmann and Puri (1974), but other Genus: Cypris Müller, 1776 important studies (e.g., Sars 1926, Klie 1938, Cypris sp. Bronstein 1947, Delorme 1970, Kempf 1997) Subfamily: Cypridopsinae Kaufmann, were also useful during species description 1900 and identification. Two superfamilies, repre- Genus: Cavernocypris Hartmann, 1964 sented by 4 families and 10 genera, were Cavernocypris subterranea (Wolf, 1920) found ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION Phylum or subphylum: CRUSTACEA Darwinula stevensoni Pennant, 1777 Ɋ Class: OSTRACODA Latreille, 1806 MATERIAL.—10-24-92, St-13 (NV), 8 . New Order: PODOCOPIDA Sars, 1866 record for Nevada. Superfamily: Darwinuloidea Brady and DISTRIBUTION.—Atlanta-Georgia (Turner Norman, 1889 1895, Furtos 1933); Illinois (Sharpe 1918, Hoff Family : Darwinulidae Brady and 1942, Tressler 1959); Lake Erie-Ohio, Massa- Norman, 1889 chusetts (Furtos 1933); Michigan (Furtos 1936, Darwinula stevensoni (Brady and McGregor 1972); Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee Robertson, 1870) (Cole 1966); Mississippi (McGregor 1969); Superfamily: Cypridoidea Baird, 1845 Virginia (Elliot et al. 1966, Nichols and Ellison Family: Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900 1967); Florida, S. Carolina (McGregor 1972); Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 1890 Minnesota, S. Dakota, N. Dakota (Smith 1993); Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808) California (Külköylüoˆglu 1994). Family: Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900 ECOLOGY.—Darwinula stevensoni is a cos- Subfamily: Candoninae Kaufmann, mopolitan (eurythermic) species (Bronstein 1900 1947, Ranta 1979). Generally preferring low Genus: Candona Baird, 1842 temperatures, the species can be found in Candona candida (O.F. Müller, 1776) waters with temperatures ranging between Subfamily: Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 10° and 35°C (Delorme 1991). Martens and 1900 Tudorance (1991) reported this species from 2000] FRESHWATER OSTRACODA ECOLOGY 293 Fig. 1. Map showing 24 stations (springs) in 3 states; fine dotted line shows the Great Basin area. water <2 m deep, with a pH range of relatively high. According to Delorme (1991), 8.85–9.15, temperatures of 21.3° to 23.4°C, dissolved oxygen tolerance of this species is and conductivity (EC) between 300 and 400 µS between 2 and 14 mg L–1. Because of its lack cm–1. However, a recent study (Smith 1993) of swimming setae, D. stevensoni is a benthic showed that this range can be broader. In her ostracod and can be found on muddy and study, Smith found D. stevensoni in waters sandy substrates with high DO. Also, it was with conductivity between 210 and 925 µS found on Phragmites belt cores and marshes cm–1. Salinity tolerance of this species varies by Löffler (1990). Henderson (1990) collected from 800 mg L–1 (Neale 1964) to 2000–3000 the species from organic-rich substrates such