Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared Edited by Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao Center for Asia-Pacific Taiwan Foundation Area Studies for Democracy RCHSS, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan 2008 First published 2006, Second printing 2008 by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy and the Center for Asia- Pacific Area Studies, RCHSS, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Taiwan Foundation for Democracy No. 4, Alley 17, Lane 147, Sec. 3, Sinyi Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan Phone +886-2-27080100 / Fax +886-2-27081148 [email protected] http://www.tfd.org.tw Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies, RCHSS, Academia Sinica No. 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan Tel: 886-2-2782-2191, 886-2-2782-2195 / Fax: 886-2-2782-2199 [email protected] http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~capas/ Ⓒ Taiwan Foundation for Democracy and Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies, RCHSS, Academia Sinica 2008 The book is in copyright. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without prior permission in writing from the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy and the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies, RCHSS, Academia Sinica. Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael, 1948- Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared / edited by Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao p. cm Includes bibliographical references. GPN 1009704170 ; ISBN 978-986-82904-0-2 1. Democracy -- Philippines -- Congresses. 2. Philippines -- Politics and government -- 21st century -- Congresses. 3. Democracy -- Korea (South) -- Congresses. 4. Korea (South) -- Politics and government -- 21st century -- Congresses. 5. Democracy -- Taiwan -- Congresses. 6. Taiwan -- Politics and government -- 21st century -- Congresses. I. Hsiao, Hsin- Huang Michael JQ1416.A85 2008 Printed in Taipei, Taiwan Contents Acknowledgements v Contributors vi Part Ⅰ: Introduction 1. Recapturing Asian New Democracies and Putting Taiwan in Its Place Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao 3 Part II: The Philippines 2. The Crisis of Philippine Democracy Temario C. Rivera 17 3. Rebuilding Democratic Institutions: Civil-military Relations in Philippine Democratic Governance Carolina G. Hernandez 39 4. The Changing Character of Local Government Officials: Implications to Clientilism and Traditional Politics in the Philippines Virginia A. Miralao 57 5. Democratic Consolidation and the Challenge of Poverty in the Philippines Cynthia Bautista 85 iv Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared Part III: South Korea 6. Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Korea Kie-Duck Park 127 7. Limited Democratization and the Future of Democracy in Korea Kwang-Yeong Shin 157 8. Human Rights as a Qualifier and a Catalyst for Korea’s Democracy Hyo-Je Cho 179 Part IV: Taiwan 9. Civil Society and Democratization in Taiwan: 1980-2005 Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao 207 10. Taiwanese Nationalism and Democratic Values Mau-Kuei Michael Chang 231 11. Taiwan’s Party Realignments in Transition Chia-Lung Lin and I-Chung Lai 255 12. Referendum: A New Way of Identifying National Identity Yung-Ming Hsu, Chia-Hung Tsai and Hsiu-Tin Huang 271 13. The Prospects of Deliberative Democracy in Taiwan Dung-Sheng Chen and Kuo-Ming Lin 289 Acknowledgements The current book originated in an International Symposium on Asia's New Democracies held at the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies (CAPAS), Academia Sinica, on September 2-3, 2004. It was co-organized by CAPAS and the Asia Foundation in Taiwan (AFIT) with a generous conference grant from Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD). As the organizer of the symposium and the editor of this volume, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to AFIT for its decision to put that symposium on the priority agenda, and to TFD for its financial support which made that symposium and the book possible. I also owe my thanks to the staff of the three organizations who have helped in different phases of the symposium. Dr. Martin Williams and Miss Sangha were helpful with English polishing on the revised manuscripts submitted for publication by TFD. I gratefully acknowledge all their contributions. Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao Taipei July 2006 Contributors Bautista, Maria Cynthia Department of Sociology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, the Philippines Chang, Mau-Kuei Michael Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Chen, Dung-Sheng Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Cho, Hyo-Je Department of Social Sciences, SungKongHoe University, Seoul, South Korea Hernandez, Carolina G. Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, the Philippines Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies (CAPAS), RCHSS and Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Huang, Hsiu-Tin Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Hsu, Yung-Ming Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences (RCHSS), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Lai, I-Chung Department of China Affairs, Democratic Progressive Party, Taipei, Taiwan Contributors vii Lin, Chia-Lung Central Committee, Democratic Progressive Party, Taipei, Taiwan Lin, Kuo-Ming Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Miralao, Virginia A. Philippine Social Science Council, Manila, the Philippines Park, Kie-Duck The Sejong Institute, Seoul, South Korea Rivera, Temario C. Division of International Studies, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan Shin, Kwang-Yeong Department of Sociology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea Tsai, Chia-Hung The Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan PART I Introduction 1 Recapturing Asian New Democracies and Putting Taiwan in Its Place Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao I. Introduction Most of the chapters in this volume were first presented at the International Symposium on Asia’s New Democracies: Taiwan, The Philippines and South Korea Compared, jointly sponsored by The Asia Foundation in Taiwan (AFIT), Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD), and Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies (CAPAS) of Academia Sinica, held in Taipei on September 2-3, 2004. A total of fifteen social scientists from the three new democratic countries under study have attended this important symposium and enthusiastically shared their keen observation of what have and have not been achieved democratically in their own countries and what lessons could be learned among the three Asian democracies. At that symposium, four general themes were discussed, i.e., political and legal aspects of democratic consolidation, social and cultural factors of democratic consolidation, unique features of Asia’s three new democracies, and prospects of the new democracies in Asia. During the course of two day intensive discussions, the issues such as electoral politics in democratic transition, political parties’ role in consolidating new democracy, building normal civil-military relations in democratic governance, changing role of advocacy civil society organizations in various phases of democratic development, the real and potential threats of armed movements, regional conflicts, ethnic cleavages and class contradiction to the formation of new democracy, the issues of national identity and constitutional reforms in democratic consolidation, democracy’s impacts on center-local power dynamics, democracy and the protection of human rights, and the prospects of direct democracy in the forms of referendum and deliberative democracy were touched and elaborated. 4 Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared II. Common Issues and Unique Problems In reference to the emerging literature on democratic consolidation, the above ten plus issues under investigation are not truly unique to Asian new democracies. A consensus was then reached among most of the participants of the symposium, that is, the new democracies in the Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan have indeed shared many common concerns and challenges that are also faced by many other established third wave democracies. Asia’s new democracies are not alone. The struggles for democracy in these three Asian countries have thus been an integral part of world movements toward democracy. The most common pressing issue for the three democracies is the challenge to consolidate the respective new democratic systems by establishing regulated inter-political party competition without being trapped into chaotic political struggles. The second shared concern is the ability to govern the new democracy without having been held up by the structural inertia still prevailing in the old bureaucracies in Taiwan, Korea and the Philippines. One other very important theoretical insight was also hinted from the elaboration and debates in the symposium concerns the de-essentializing democracy as well as civil society. To us, democracy making in Asia should not be interpreted and exaggerated by any cultural essentialism. Such anti-essentialism in analyzing the three cases of Asian democracies presents itself to be antithetical to the once popularized “Asian values thesis” argued by several political leaders in the undemocratic Asian states. Without doubt, among the three new cases of democracy in Asia, there are significant unique features for each case, not so much for the causes of democratization, but rather in the consequences of democratic transition