Editor Ernest Czermański E-book on Combined Transport in the Baltic Sea Region Editor Ernest Czermański E-book on Combined Transport in the Baltic Sea Region Gdańsk 2021 ® Copyright by UniwersytetGdański University of Gdansk, Department of Maritime Transport and Seaborne Trade Press ISBN 978-83-7939-023-6 Scientific editor: Prof. Ernest Czermański (University of Gdansk) Małgorzata Bielenia Clemens Bochynek Authors (inAdam alphabetical Borodo order): Adina Cailliaux (University ofGiuseppe Gdansk, Poland),T. Cirella (SGKV, Germany),Ernest Czermański (University of Gdansk, Poland), Eric Feyen (Port of HamburgJakub Marketing, Jankiewicz Germany), (UniversityLaura Normioof Gdansk, Poland), Aneta Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek (University of Gdansk, Poland), (UIRR, JanBelgium), Wedemeier (University of Gdansk, Poland), (Ramboll, BoguszWiśnickiFinland), (University of Gdansk, Poland), (Hamburg Institute of International Economics), and (Maritime Academy in Szczecin). Cover photo Ernest Czermański Language editor: Prof. Dr. Giuseppe T. Cirella (University of Gdansk) Technical editor: Prof. Ernest Czermański (University of Gdansk) Praca naukowa opublikowana w ramach projektu międzynarodowego współfinansowanego ze środków programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pn. “PWM” w latach 2014 – 2020; umowanr 5121/INTERREG BSR/2020/2. Research work published in the framework of the international co-financed project by the funds of the programme of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education entitled “PWM” 2014 – 2020; Agreement No. 5152/INTERREG BSR/2020/2. Project co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of the COMBINE Project, Interreg Baltic Sea Region 2014 – 2020 contract no. #R099. Deliverable of the Work Package 3, Acitvity 3.2 of the COMBINE Project. Content Introduction .............................................................. 7 1. Definitions of combined transport ...................................... 9 1.1. Combined and intermodal transport . 9 1.1.1. Directive 92/106 . 9 1.1.2. Directive 719/2015 . 10 1.2. Intermodal loading and transport unit . 11 1.3. Terminal . 12 2. Legal1.4. Selection aspects and of combined recommendations transport for a ....................................BSR definition . 1613 2.1. Legal basis of combined transport . 16 2.1.1. Codification system . 16 2.1.2. Interoperability Directive and TSIs . 16 2.1.3. Weights and dimensions . 18 2.1.4. General terms and conditions . 18 2.1.5. Standardization . 19 2.2. Infrastructure-related aspects . 21 2.2.1. AGTC . 21 2.2.2. Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) . 22 2.2.3. RFC Regulation . 22 2.2.4. Register of Infrastructure (RINF) . 24 2.2.5. Directive 2012/34 . 25 2.2.6. Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) . 26 2.3. Responsibility of a CT operator . 26 3. SWOT2.4. Insurance analysis issues of the of combined CT operating transport . .in . the. Baltic. Sea. .Region . ........ 3028 3.1. Advantages of CT . 30 3.2. Disadvantages of CT . 32 3.3. Chances for CT . 33 4. Development3.4. Barriers of strategies the combined supporting transport the .combined . .transport . .............. 3835 4.1. New Green Deal goals . 38 3 4.2. Blue Growth Strategy . 41 4.3. Baltic Sea Region Strategy (EUSBSR) . 43 4.4. Baltic Sea Region Combined Transport Development Strategy . 45 4.4.1 Framework conditions and policy options . 45 5. Loading4.4.2. units Scope used of action in combined for the EU transport and BSR ................................ 5448 5.1. Containers . 55 5.2. Semi-trailers . 58 6. Transshipment5.3. Swap bodies technologies . used . .in . combined . .transport . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6260 6.1. Vertical transshipment technologies . 62 6.1.1. ISU (Innovativer Sattelauflieger Umschlag) . 63 6.1.2. NiKRASA . 64 6.1.3. Reachstackers (or mobile cranes) . 65 6.1.4. Cranes . 66 6.1.5. Forklift truck . 69 6.1.6. Straddle carriers . 70 6.1.7. Masted Container Stacker . 71 6.2. Horizontal transshipment technologies . 71 6.2.1 Ro-La . 72 6.2.2. CargoBeamer . 73 6.2.3. Modalohr / Lohr . 74 6.2.4. Megaswing . 76 7. Last 6.2.5.mile solutionsFlexiwaggon for the. combined. .transport . ........................... 7977 7.1. Last mile solutions–status quo . 79 7.2. Increasing cargo capacity solutions . 80 7.2.1. LHV Trucks . 81 7.2.2. Economic calculation for BSR market . 85 7.2.3. Business Case – suitability for BSR . 87 7.2.4. Autonomous Vehicles . 88 7.2.5. Summary and recommendations . 89 7.3. Alternative fuels and propulsion solutions . 90 7.3.1. CNG/LNG/LBG/CBG . 92 7.3.2. Full electric trucks / Plug-in trucks . 98 7.3.3. E-highway and hybrid trucks . 101 7.3.4. Fuel cells – hydrogen . 103 8. Combined7.3.5. Summary transport and terminals recommendations in the BSR ................................ 106103 8.1. Elements, types, and functions of CT terminals . 106 8.2. Sea port terminals in the BSR . 107 8.2. Dry port option . 112 8.4. Baltic CT terminal benchmark . 117 4 8.4.1. Quantitative dimension of the benchmark . 117 8.4.2. Benchmark of operational and ownership aspects . 118 8.4.3. Benchmark of operation range . 122 8.4.4. Benchmark of infrastructure and transshipment aspects . 125 9. Combined8.5. New trends transport in energy operators saving in CTthe terminals BSR ............................... 138131 9.1. Activities and obligations of a CT operator . 138 9.2. CT service operational models . 142 9.3. Trade flows in the BSR . 145 9.4. CT services in the BSR mapping . 149 9.4.1. Denmark . 150 9.4.2. Estonia . 151 9.4.3. Germany . 152 9.4.4. Finland . 153 9.4.5. Lithuania . 154 9.4.6. Latvia . 155 9.4.7. Poland . 157 9.4.8. Russia . 157 9.4.9. Sweden . 157 Summary9.4.10. .................................................................. BSR in the New Silk Road corridor . 161160 References ................................................................ 164 5 Introduction Freight transport is responsible for around 25% of the European Union’s (EU) green- house gas emissions, making it the second largest emitting sector after energy. Sig- nificant reductions in emissions are needed to achieve long term climate goals in the EU with projections showing an increase in the total freight transport activity of about 58% (1.2% p.a.) between 2010 and 2050. Many efforts to achieve a modal shift have already been taken in recent history. The most promising market segment is combined transport (CT). However, even in this segment, the focus has always been on the “racetracks” with large point to point volumes, such as block trains in the rail sector and inland shipping services on the Rhine and Danube. In the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) countries CT still plays a minor role in the transport system. To change this situation, nearly 30 partners from ten countries in the BSR have joined forces in the COMBINE project. With support from the Interreg Baltic Sea Region program, various ministries of transport, lobby organizations, and industry partners, the project has developed strategies, initiated promotion campaigns to strengthen CT, and tested new solutions and services in pilot demonstrations. COMBINE’s aim of achieving a modal shift towards ship and rail was achieved. Pilot activities in the project have proven the feasibility of CT solutions, even though it is in many cases not yet on the table, or mind-set, of relevant stakeholders. For further development of CT and implementation of new technologies (and thus investments into CT infrastructure) this would be an important starting point. COMBINE attempted to increase knowledge about CT among relevant stakeholders by raising awareness through the political sector by demonstrating the benefits of CT and its significance—disclosing developmental aspects for CT financial need and support . As a response to stakeholder involvement, the COMBINE partnership has devel- oped this CT e-book to describe all CT-related issues in the BSR, e.g., terminals with their service portfolio, operators, and other stakeholders. Most important rules and regulations as well as the most promising last mile solutions and handling technolo- gies have been looked at in a BSR-centric manner. The use of the e-book should make it easier for CT organization and development. 7 1. Definitions of combined transport Intermodal transport has evolved through the convergence of different “transport worlds”—some of which have been ideologically separated for a long time. These worlds have developed their own jargon, and this makes communication between them more difficult. A crucial condition for the acceptance and success of intermodal transport is that communication is as smooth as possible since system-based coop- eration is required. The aim of this chapter is an attempt to harmonize the different jargons so as to ensure complete understanding of intermodal transport within the context of COMBINE. Properly defining and adopting terms is essential to the suc- cess of the project itself. The research activities on terminology have been focused on three terms: (1) combined and intermodal transport, (2) intermodal loading unit, and (3) terminal. For each term, an analysis using the regulatory framework from EU Directives, various international glossary-based sources, and best practices from industry associations is applied. 1.1. Combined and intermodal transport In Europe, different EU Directives integrate an official definition of CT or Intermodal Transport, i.e., (1) Directive 92/106 on the establishment of common rules for cer- tain types of CT of goods between Member States, and (2) Directive 719/2015 laying down for certain road