Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2010 Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites Ryan Hughes Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Hughes, Ryan, "Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites" (2010). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1017. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1017 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Axati in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites by Ryan Hughes Bachelor of Arts, Wilfrid Launer University, 2009 THESIS Submitted to the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies m partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts Wilfrid Launer University 2010 ©Ryan Hughes 2010 Abstract The Roman province of Baetica in southern Spain produced vast amounts of olive oil during the first three centuries CE The small town of Axati is situated in an area now known as Lora del Rio along the Baetis River, the modern Guadalquivir This town exported large amounts of olive oil which was distributed throughout the Roman Empire from northern Britain to Alexandna This study will look at the stamped olive oil amphorae, Dressel 20 type, which were produced there and transported throughout the Empire The distribution and consumption levels evidenced by these stamped amphorae are quantified here in order to compare the amounts consumed by military and civilian populations Through this comparison it is demonstrated that the primary consumers were the city of Rome and the civilian settlements withm the frontier provmces i Acknowledgments This work is dedicated to my family for their unending support and encouragement After completing this thesis there are a large number of individuals that deserve thanks for their aid I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr Gerald Schaus, for his guidance throughout my B A and M A as well as helping to condense and clanfy my final thesis I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr Christopher Simpson, Dr Leonard Curchin, and Dr Jonathan Edmondson who helped to refine the finer points and add clarity to many sections Thanks are also necessary for the WLU Archaeology and Classical Studies and UW Classical Studies faculties for their guidance and teaching both at the undergraduate and graduate level I would next like to thank my family for their support and aid whenever it was needed I would especially like to thank my parents, Edward and Mildred, for helping me to keep everything in perspective and a roof over my head As well I must thank my brother Colin for his support and aid through all my years of university especially in the final months of the M A program Without them enduring my long absences and working during those rare visits this work would not have been completed I would also like to thank my friends Kyle Derringer, Drake Merntt, Paul Evans, Dan Lamont, Rhys Stevenson, A J Renaud, and all the rest, for helping to make my years at Wilfrid Launer as memorable and enjoyable as they were I would like to thank Dr Alexis Young and Dr Ronald Ross for their friendship and guidance throughout my time at WLU The entire ARA archaeology team also deserves thanks for helping me to make it through the final months while showing me that there is still more to experience outside of studying trade amphorae at a desk Lastly, I would like to thank Sarah Nash for always being there when I needed her and making the M A program more enjoyable II Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chronological Range 3 Axati 4 Terminology 5 Methodology 6 Previous Scholarship 9 Roman Economy 9 Olive Oil Studies 13 Amphorae 15 The Dressel 20 Amphora 17 Amphora Studies 23 Amphora Epigraphy 25 Olive Oil Production 27 Monte Testaccio 31 Amphora Markings 36 Stamps 36 Tituh Picti 56 Graffiti 53 Incomplete and Umque Stamps of Axati 54 Incomplete Stamps 54 Unique Stamps 55 Quantifications 58 Empire-Wide Study 59 Distribution Routes 62 Representativeness of Axati 66 Provmcial Studies 67 Western Provinces 67 Britannia 67 Gallia Lugdunensis 78 Gallia Aquitama 82 Gallia Narbonensis 84 Germania Inferior 89 Germania Superior 93 Raetia 106 Hispania Citenor and Baleares 109 Hispania Lusitania 113 Hispania Baetica 114 North African Provmces 120 Mauretania Tingitana 120 HI Numidia Africa 121 Eastern Provmces 123 Pannoma 123 Dalmatia 124 Achaia 125 Syria 126 Aegyptus 127 Conclusions 128 Italia 130 Rome 132 Monte Testaccio 138 Conclusions 145 Maps 149 Bibliography 159 Readmg the Catalogue 167 Quantifications Quantifications of the Provinces Lora del Rio (Axati) Catalogue Lora del Rio (Axati) Stamps Across the Empire Catalogue Stamps Bearing Tituh Picti IV List of Tables Table 1 Axati stamped amphorae in Britannia 67 Table 2 Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Lugdunensis 78 Table 3 Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Aquitania 82 Table 4 Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Narbonensis 84 Table 5 Axati stamped amphorae in Germania Inferior 89 Table 6 Axati stamped amphorae in Germania Superior 93 Table 7 Axati stamped amphorae in Raetia 106 Table 8 Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Citenor and Baleares 109 Table 9 Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Lusitania 113 Table 10 Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Baetica 114 Table 11 Axati stamped amphorae in Mauretania Tmgitana 120 Table 12 Axati stamped amphorae in Numidia Africa 121 Table 13 Axati stamped amphorae in Pannonia 123 Table 14 Axati stamped amphorae in Dalmatia 124 Table 15 Axati stamped amphorae in Achaia 125 Table 16 Axati stamped amphorae in Syria 126 Table 17 Axati stamped amphorae in Aegyptus 127 Table 18 Axati stamped amphorae in Italia 130 V List of Figures Figure 1 Dressel 20 Amphorae 17 Figure 2 Dressel 20 Form I 19 Figure 3 Dressel 20 Form II 20 Figure 4 Dressel 20 Form III 20 Figure 5 Dressel 20 Form IV 20 Figure 6 Dressel 20 Form V 21 Figure 7 Evolution of Dressel 20 handles and position of stamps 22 Figure 8 Layout of the Catoman trapetum 29 Figure 9 Topographical distribution of Monte Testaccio 33 Figure 10 Examples of stamps found on Dressel 20 amphorae 36 Figure 11 Location of amphora marks and location of stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae 37 Figure 12 Symbols and ornaments found on Dressel 20 amphora stamps 44 Figure 13 Forms of punctuation encountered in stamps 46 Figure 14 Tituh Picti 47 Figure 15 Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati 149 Figure 16 Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati showing the pnmary 150 trade routes Figure 17 Distnbution of all Dressel 20 stamped amphorae produced in Baetica 151 Figure 18 Distnbution of stamped amphorae within Britannia 152 Figure 19 Distnbution of stamps in Gallia Lugdunensis to the Rhine 152 Figure 20 Distribution of stamps within Gallia Aquitania 153 Figure 21 Distnbution of stamps from Gallia Narbonensis 153 Figure 22 Distnbution of stamps in Germania Infenor 154 Figure 23 Stamped amphorae in Germania Supenor and Raetia 154 Figure 24 Distnbution