i Papua Bioregion: The Forest and Its People “The Result of Baseline Study About Forest and People in Papua Bioregion” Mufti Fathul Barri Aryo Adhi Condro Isnenti Apriani Eko Cahyono Danial Dian Prawardani Ahmad Hamdani Maksum Syam Albert Junior Ngingi Akbar Habibie Amalya Reza Oktaviani Aziz Fardhani Jaya Fikrunnia Adi Prasojo Ars Erwanto Nurmadiah Situmorang The results of joint research between Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI) and Sajogyo Institute (SAINS). ii ©2019 by Forest Watch Indonesia. All Rights reserved. Published in 2019. Printed in Bogor, West Java ISBN 978-979-96730-8-4 Number of pages: 235 pages Design and Layout: Cover Photo: FWI, 2018 Language Setting: Brigita Isworo Laksmi Editor: Mufti Fathul Barri Eko Cahyono Researchers: Eko Cahyono, Danial Dian Prawardani, Aziz Fardhani Jaya, Fikrunnia Adi Prasojo, Ars Erwanto, Ahmad Hamdani, Maksum Syam, Akbar Habibie, Amalya Reza Oktaviani, Aryo Adhi Condro, Albert Junior Ngingi Supporter, provider and data analyst: Isnenti Apriani, Andi Djuanda, Nurmadiah Situmorang Published by: Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI) Jalan Sempur Kaler No. 62, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia Phone: +62251 8333308, Email: [email protected] Website: http://fwi.or.id iii CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. vi FOREWORD .............................................................................................................vii BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Preface ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Methodology and Study Framework ............................................................. 3 1.3 Location Selection .......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Organization ................................................................................... 7 PORTRAIT OF THE FOREST, TENURE, AND THE PEOPLE ........................................... 8 2.1 Land Cover Change Over Government Periods ........................................... 10 2.1.1 New Order Era (1990 to 1996) .............................................................. 12 2.1.2 Early Reformation Era (Habibie, Gusdur, Megawati) ............................ 13 2.1.3 The Era of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ................................................ 15 2.1.4 Current Condition (The Era of Joko Widodo) ........................................ 16 2.2 The Remaining Forest and The Deforestation in Each Ecoregion ................ 18 2.3 The Remaining Forest and Deforestation Inside Forest Area ...................... 21 2.4 Forests and Deforestation in Peat Hidrologic Area (PHA) ........................... 24 2.5 The Remaining Forests and the Deforestation in Consession Area ............. 25 2.6 The Threat of Climate Change ..................................................................... 27 2.7 Understanding Papuan People .................................................................... 28 FORESTS, THE PEOPLE, AND DYNAMICAL CHANGES IN THE THREE RESEARCH SITES ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Sorong District .............................................................................................. 33 3.1.1 History and Demography of the Villages .............................................. 34 3.1.2 Socioeconomic Condition ..................................................................... 36 3.1.3 The Social-Cultural Condition of Moi Kelim Community ...................... 39 3.1.4 Forest condition in Malalilis and Siwis .................................................. 65 3.2 The Aru Islands ............................................................................................. 69 3.2.1 The History and Demography of Aru Islands ........................................ 71 3.2.2 Socioeconomic and Environmental Condition ...................................... 79 3.2.3 Forest Condition .................................................................................... 93 3.2.4 Sea, Land, and Islands as A Unity .......................................................... 94 3.3 Jayapura ....................................................................................................... 95 3.3.1 The History and Demograhpy of the Villages ....................................... 96 3.3.2 Socioeconomic and Environmental Conditions .................................. 101 3.3.3 Forest Condition .................................................................................. 109 MAIN CHALLENGES AND LOCAL INITIATIVES ....................................................... 117 4.1 Problems in Sorong Region ........................................................................ 119 4.1.1 The Problems of Land Ownership and Land Release .......................... 119 iv 4.1.2 Lesson Learned from The Case of Gilik Klasafet’s Customary Land Release ......................................................................................................... 120 4.1.3 Conflict Resolution of Customary Land .............................................. 123 4.1.4 Dynamics of Customary Land Use ....................................................... 123 4.1.5 Distribution and Access to Customary Land ....................................... 125 4.1.6 Gender and Agrarian in Moi Tradition ................................................ 126 4.1.7 Oil Palm Expansion and The Actors..................................................... 128 4.1.8 Customary Land Use Change .............................................................. 130 4.2 Problem findings in Aru Islands ................................................................. 133 4.2.1 The Entry of the Navy (TNI-AL) ........................................................... 133 4.2.2 The Entry Plan of Menara Group Company ........................................ 135 4.2.3 Cattle Breeding Plan ............................................................................ 136 4.2.4 Customary Boundaries and Potential Conflict .................................... 138 4.2.5 Two Customary Mechanisms in Conflict Resolution ........................... 140 4.2.6 Tordauk As A Joint Hunting Tradition ................................................. 140 4.2.7 Masohi: Manifestation of Living Together .......................................... 142 4.3 Problems Findings in Jayapura Region ....................................................... 143 4.3.1 Deforestation, Forest Degradation, and Potential of Social Conflict .. 143 4.3.3 The Potential of Oil Palm Threat ......................................................... 153 4.3.4 Side Effect of Ecotourism .................................................................... 154 4.3.5 Fulfillment of "Ecotourism" Readiness and Conditions ...................... 155 4.3.6 The Impacts of Information Gap of Native Papuans ........................... 156 4.4 An Over View: Findings of Problems in Other Areas of Papua .................. 157 4.4.1 Nabire .................................................................................................. 157 4.4.2 Merauke and Boven Digoel ................................................................. 161 4.5 Local Initiative of the Community in 3 Research Sites ............................... 166 4.5.1 Initiative of Community in Sorong ...................................................... 167 4.5.2 Communities’ Initiatives in Aru Islands ............................................... 173 4.5.3 Communities’s Initiatives in Jayapura ................................................. 174 RECOMMENDATION AND REFLECTION ............................................................... 183 5.1 Recommendation at the local level ........................................................... 184 5.1.1 Sorong ................................................................................................. 184 5.1.2 Aru Islands ........................................................................................... 188 5.1.3 Jayapura .............................................................................................. 189 5.2 Recommendations for National and Regional Policies .............................. 193 5.3 Recommendations for Further Researches ............................................... 196 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................. 199 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 219 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our gratitude goes to the people and institutions who have helped us in the process of making this publication so that each stage of the process can go well. We would like to thank our friends in Bentara Papua, Papua Forest Watch, YPMD Jayapura, SKP KAMe, Walhi Papua, Pusaka Foundation, and many other institutions that cannot be mentioned one by one. We would also like to thank Ms. Eny Setianingsih, Mr. Lyndon B Pangkali, Mr. Mika Ganobal, Mr. Simon Kamsi, Mrs. Dolfintje Gaellagoy, Titus Ruban, Christin Inbiri, Gunawan Hanebora, Toni Hanebora, and other individuals whom we might miss to mention one by one. We hope that this publication