BUS Shared Mobility Policy Playbook December 2019 Susan Shaheen, Ph.D., Adam Cohen, Michael Randolph, Emily Farrar, Richard Davis, Aqshems Nichols Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for generously funding this research. We also thank Tyler Monson, Erik Alm, Kayo Lao, and Roy Abboud of Caltrans for programmatic support. The authors give special thanks to Cayla McDonnel and Kate Meis of the Local Government Commission for their support of this research. Special thanks also go to the public agencies, private companies, and practitioners who participated in the small group discussions, expert interviews, and the shared mobility and modeling workshop. We would also like to thank the workshop and webinar speakers and moderators. The authors also thank Luyu Chen, Elaine Hsieh, Sam Klapper, Marcel Moran, Rhett-Alexander Paranay, Emma Polhemus, Valerie Tan, and Mingyuan Yang of the Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) of the University of California, Berkeley for their support developing this toolkit. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily indicate sponsor acceptance. Shared Mobility Policy Playbook - Acknowledgments | 1 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Shared Mobility Definitions and Key Concepts .................................................................... 8 Mode-Specific Tools Carsharing ............................................................................................................................. 20 Microtransit ............................................................................................................................ 39 Ridesharing (Carpooling and Vanpooling) ............................................................................ 50 Shared Micromobility ............................................................................................................ 68 Transportation Network Companies (TNCs)......................................................................... 90 Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs) ..................................................................................... 111 Last-Mile Delivery ................................................................................................................. 126 Policy-Specific Tools Shared Mobility and Public Transit Integration ..................................................................... 137 Shared Mobility and Equity ................................................................................................... 148 Rights-of-Way for Shared Mobility ........................................................................................ 159 Shared Mobility and Incentive Zoning .................................................................................. 171 Shared Mobility and Data Sharing ........................................................................................ 178 Incorporating Shared Mobility into Planning & Modeling ..................................................... 191 Multimodal Tools and Trip Planners ..................................................................................... 199 Shared Mobility and Electrification ....................................................................................... 209 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 222 Shared Mobility Policy Playbook - Introduction | 2 Shared mobility – the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other travel mode – is an innovative transportation strategy that enables short-term access to transportation modes on an “as- needed” basis. Sharing can include sequential sharing (i.e., different users share the same transportation vehicle or equipment, one after the other) or concurrent sharing (i.e., sharing of the same transportation vehicle or equipment by multiple non-household users for the same trip). Shared mobility can also include core services such as: shuttles, taxis, public transit, pedicabs, and paratransit. Although important to the shared mobility ecosystem, policies for these modes are not included in this toolkit. Please see Figure 1.1 below for the shared mobility ecosystem. Figure 1.1 Shared Mobility Service Models. Adapted from Shaheen et al., 2016 Shared Mobility Policy Playbook - Introduction | 3 Shared mobility can include roundtrip services (a vehicle, bicycle, scooter, or other mode is returned to its origin); one-way station-based services (a vehicle, bicycle, scooter, or other mode is returned to a different designated station location); and one- way free-floating services (a vehicle, bicycle, scooter, or other mode can be returned anywhere within a geographic area). To help manage free-floating services, cities and shared mobility operators may use technologies like geofencing. Geofencing is a technology that uses GPS or RFID technology to create a virtual boundary, enabling cities to determine when and how often vehicles or equipment cross predetermined boundaries, as well as alert riders who operate in restricted areas. A number of environmental, social, and transportation-related benefits have been reported from the use of shared mobility. Several studies have documented reduced vehicle use, ownership, and vehicle miles/kilometers traveled. Cost savings and convenience are frequently cited as popular reasons for using a shared mode. Shared mobility can also make it easier for users to connect to public transportation, potentially helping to bridge gaps in existing transportation networks and encouraging multimodality by addressing the first-and- last-mile connections to public transit. Studies indicate that shared mobility users are typically young and have higher levels of educational attainment, higher income, and are less diverse than the general population. However, there is anecdotal evidence from some cities that indicates the user base of shared modes (e.g., bikesharing and scooter sharing) may be more diverse than other shared modes, as dockless bikes and scooters may have greater success reaching underserved areas of communities. Shared mobility presents an opportunity to provide additional mobility to populations who may be underserved by traditional transportation options or who may be unable to afford the high cost associated with vehicle ownership. Shared mobility can provide numerous economic benefits to communities, such as cost savings for users and increased economic activity near multimodal hubs. Development of this playbook was made possible by the public and private stakeholders who participated in workshops and webinars, small group discussions, and surveys throughout the development of this document. It is important to note, however, that shared mobility is rapidly evolving, and this playbook represents current understanding at the time of publication. This Shared Mobility Policy Playbook provides an introduction and definitions of shared mobility services, mode-specific resources for agencies looking to develop policies in their community, and policy-focused tools demonstrating case studies and best practices for Shared Mobility Policy Playbook - Introduction | 4 shared mobility. Shared Mobility Policy Playbook - Introduction | 5 How to Use This Playbook This Shared Mobility Policy Playbook has been designed for individuals and practitioners who want to know more about shared mobility and to communities interested in incorporating shared mobility into their transportation ecosystem. This playbook is a practical guide with resources, information, and tools for local governments, public agencies, and non-governmental organizations seeking to incorporate and manage innovative and emerging shared mobility services. The following are suggested uses of this playbook: • Access shared mobility resources including: opportunities, lessons learned, and best practices for deploying shared mobility across the United States. • Use this playbook as a guide for strategic transportation planning and incorporating shared mobility into transportation plans and models. • Reference best practices, lessons learned, and case studies to aid public policy development. Figure 1.2. Protected bike lane and loading zone in a city street. Photo Courtesy of Flickr/Sergio Ruiz Shared Mobility Policy Playbook - Introduction | 6 Policy Playbook Overview This playbook presents an overview of current practices, lessons learned, and guiding principles for public agencies to advance shared mobility policy and planning. The playbook is organized into three distinct sections: 1) Shared Mobility Definitions, 2) Mode-Specific Tools, and 3) Policy-Specific Tools, outlined below: • Shared Mobility Definitions • Mode-Specific Tools: Carsharing Microtransit Ridesharing (Carpooling and Vanpooling) Shared Micromobility (Docked and Dockless Bike and Scooter Sharing) Transportation Network Companies (TNCS, also known as ridesourcing and ridehailing) Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs) Last-Mile Delivery • Policy-Specific Tools: Shared Mobility and Public Transit Integration Shared Mobility and Equity Rights-of-Way for Shared Mobility Shared Mobility and Incentive Zoning Shared Mobility and Data Sharing Incorporating Shared Mobility into Planning and Modeling Multimodal Tools and Trip Planners Shared Mobility and Electrification Shared Mobility Policy Playbook