D. C. BLOMMAERT TRIBUNUS EQUITUM SINGULARIUM? Two Fragmentary Inscriptions Concerning Egyptian Legionary Prefects aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 79 (1989) 297–307 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 297 VORBEMERKUNG DER HERAUSGEBER Im Band 78, 1989, 185ff. wurde der nachfolgende Artikel von D.C.Blommaert versehentlich in unkorrigierter Fassung publiziert. Die Herausgeber bedauern dies sehr. Wir veröffentlichen den Aufsatz in diesem Band nochmals, nunmehr in korrigierter Form. Wir bitten, den Erstdruck auch bibliographisch zu ignorieren. TRIBUNUS EQUITUM SINGULARIUM? Two Fragmentary Inscriptions Concerning Egyptian Legionary Prefects.* CIL XIV 191 + 4471 = AE 1971, 65; Ostia.1 CIL VI 31871 = CIL XIV *289 (c); Roma. The function of tribunus equitum singularium is not frequently attested. Brian Dobson2 gives thirteen names, and there is only one case where we can be sure of the position of the function in the course of the man's career. This man is Q. Marcius Turbo.3 During the rapid progress of his career,4 Turbo was first primuspilus, then praefectus vehiculorum,5 followed by the tribunates in Rome: "trib. coh. VII vigil., trib. equ. sin[g.] Aug., trib. pr[ae]t." It is striking that the inscription does not mention a cohort for the third tribunate, that of the praetorians. This could be interpreted as a rank, without the actual command of a unit.6 After his second primipilate, Turbo's career maintained its succession of quick promotions. He occupied three successive procurational posts, namely proc. ludi magni, prefect of the fleet at Misenum (AD 113/114) and governor of Mauretania Caesariensis.7 All this, from the first primipilate on, took no more than 8 years. The cursus may have followed the usual route, but the speed and efficiency make it quite special. * I wish to thank Prof. Dr. H. Devijver for his valuable advice. 1 Inscriptions mentioned without specification are in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. 2 B.Dobson, Die Primipilares, Köln 1978, 77 (hereafter cited as Primipilares). 3 Cf. PIR2 , M 249; A.Stein, RE 14, 1930, 1597-1600 & 2585; H.-G.Pflaum, Carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I, Paris 1960, 199-216 (no. 94) (hereafter cited as Carrières). 4 For the phase of his career, concerning us most, see AE 1955, 225 (Cyrrhus, Syria). 5 A remarkable promotion for a vir militaris who just fulfilled his primipilate (Carrières, 212). 6 Carrières, 214-215. 7 HA, Hadrianus 5, 8. 298 D.C.Blommaert Later, we also find signs of more than normal favours: shortly after Trajan's death, he was given a command in Dacia (and Pannonia Inferior), "combined with the rank of praefectus Aegypti,"8 and in 119 he became the praefectus praetorio of Hadrian.9 Possibly, this is not just the normal career of a gifted man. Dobson10 noted the centurionate that Marcius fulfilled in the legion II Adiutrix in Aquincum.11 This may have been the starting point of the favour Marcius Turbo enjoyed with Hadrian. The future emperor was tribunus laticlavius in the same legion in 95 (but more probably in Moesia Superior), and in 106-108 he was governor of Pannonia Inferior. One of these functions may have brought the men together and created some kind of personal tie, a relation which was of considerable importance for Turbo's rise to the highest equestrian function, praefectus preaetorio.12 It is not my intention to present here a detailed status quaestionis of the controversy concerning Q. Marcius Turbo's exact title and the powers with which he was endowed. However, it seems likely that his presence in Dacia is connected with the reorganisation of the trans-Danubian territory from one consular province into two provinces, Dacia Inferior (governed by a procurator) and Dacia Superior (with a praetorian legate as governor). 13 Also not clear is the fact that Turbo's presence in Dacia is mentioned twice in the Historia Augusta. Is this just a repetition, or did the author indicate two separate parts of the mission: (1) a joint rule in Dacia and Pannonia (with the emphasis on the military aspects), to take the lazyges (who defeated the previous governor of Dacia) in a pincer movement, and (2) the reorganisation of Dacia after the end of the war ?14 8 HA, Hadrianus 6, 7: "Marcium Turbonem post Mauretaniam praefecturae infulis ornatum Pannoniae Daciae ad tempus praefecit;" HA, Hadrianus 7, 3: "Dacia Turboni credita titulo Aegyptiacae praefecturae, quo plus auctoritatis haberet, ornato." The inscription from Mauretania (AE 1946, 113; Caesarea) does not allude to this person. Although the inscription mentions a comparable career, the Marcius Turbo in the inscription is not the same person (cf. W.Seston, REL 32, 451-452; Carrières, 207-211). 9 Although a recently discovered diploma from Dacia names Turbo as the commander in the area in AD 123: "dimiss[is honesta] miss(ione) per Marcium Turbo[nem];" AE 1973, 459 = M.M.Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas 1954-77, London 1978, 21. G.Alföldy (ZPE 36, 1979, 233-246) argues this is only a delayed administrative act, referring to the actual discharges several years earlier. For this reason, the date of 119 for the praetorian prefecture has to be maintained. 10 Primipilares 227-228. 11 14349.2 = AE 1933, 31 = AE 1948, 202 (Aquincum, Pannonia Inf.). 12 R.Syme, JRS 52, 1962, 90-91 = Roman Papers II, Oxford 1979, 547-548 (no. 41). At the same time, Syme moderates this situation: there are no other indications which may give us the certainty that this centurion is indeed the same person, the praefectus praetorio of Hadrian (cf. JRS 70, 1980, 77 = Roman Papers III, Oxford 1984, 1295 (no. 90): "Identity is assumed"). Since the first function mentioned in the inscription from Cyrrhus in Syria is the primipilate, this cannot give us any indication either. The development of Turbo's career makes such a personal encounter probable, but to say that Turbo was "Hadrian's old mess-mate and trusted friend" (J.Fitz, AAntHung 11, 1963, 251) is to go further than the information available allows. 13 A.Stein, Die Reichsbeamten von Dazien, Budapest 1944, 17 and especially R.Syme, JRS 36, 1946, 161-165 = Danubian Papers, Bucharest 1971, 164-168 (review of Stein's work; cf. also JRS 52, 1962, 88 = Roman Papers II, 543 (nr. 41); BHAC 1979/80, 306-307). 14 J.Fitz art. cit., 251-252. Tribunus Equitum Singularium? 299 Especially the artifice "with the rank of praefectus Aegypti, so that he would have more authority,"15 gives the impression that this is an exception made for an exceptional man. If this is indeed the case, it could mean that Turbo's career is not a reliable source for locating the different elements in a normal career. It is clear that he did not hold the function of tribunus coh. praet. in the usual way. Switching the other tribunates could have been another unusual step in his career, but one needed to attain the rank of primuspilus II. Having achieved this, he was qualified for higher functions at the level of procurator. This seems to me a rather weak basis for accepting that the tribunate of the equites singulares was usually fulfilled between the tribunates of cohortes vigilum and praetoriae, where we normally find a cohors urbana.16 However, some fragmentary inscriptions offer an opportunity to insert this function in another place in the equestrial career structure. First there are the fragments CIL XIV 191 and 4471, brought together by Fausto Zevi.17 Although the pieces are not adjoining, Zevi's propositions look convincing and coherent. The inscription describes a career in descending order: prefect of the praetorian fleets of Misenum and Ravenna, governor of Mauretania Tingitana, procurator vicesimae hereditatium, prefect of the legion II Traiana Fortis (in Egypt), primuspilus bis and the tribunates in Rome. The author considers the possibility that this may be the career of M. Gavius Maximus, the praefectus praetorio of Antoninus Pius.18 Until the restoration of this inscription, the government of Mauretania Tingitana was the only function known to be held by Maximus before his rise to the prefecture of the Guard. With the exception of the tribunates, there is little or no doubt that this is indeed the original text. The only discussion concerns the redaction (terminology and abbreviations), because more than half of the text consists of the completion of large voids. It is possible to 15 HA, Hadrianus 7, 3. One can argue that he was not the governor of a consular province, but only an "imperial commissioner" with a specific mission. An argument that still implies that Hadrian put an exceptional faith in his abilities. However, I do not think this would have any consequences as far as his title is concerned, since all governors of imperial provinces are (in the original meaning of these governorships) personal delegates of the emperor. Considering the fact that the title of legatus is usually reserved for senators, the term procurator pro legato would do (proposed by R.Syme, JRS 36, 1946, 162 = Roman Papers I, Oxford 1979, 164-165, recently repeated: BHAC, 1979/81, 303 & 307). But it should be noted that Sir Ronald Syme did not exclude praefectus pro legato either (JRS 70, 1980, 70 = Roman Papers III, 1286). This exceptional terminology for an equestrial governor (but nonetheless possible, cf. A.H.M.Jones, Studies in Roman Government and Law, Oxford 1960, 117-225) could justify the repeated mentioning in this direction in the Historia Augusta (Hadrianus 6, 7; 7, 3: praefecturae infulis, praefecit, titulo Aegyptiacae praefecturae). Professor W.Eck drew my attention to the possibility that Turbo was acting in the Danube-provinces as praefectus praetorio.