557 IL6b 1 no. 91 URBANA ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY llll llllll llll Illl llll"' 3 3051 00000 0483 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/handbookonlimest91lama ^ • DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 3 ^rrandbook on rJLimestiimedtone ana oDolonxite for ^rilinoiA \c*(uarruU LyperatorAK^p, ^r. O. cJLcamar BULLETIN 91 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY URBANA, ILLINOIS ^hfandbook on rJLlmestone and ^DolomUe for Jsllinois \cs(uarru VjperatorS A. £-. rsLamat 'uinojs sun ^LOGICAL sURVtY UBRAft Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 91 Urbana, Illinois 1967 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Hon. John C. Watson, Chairman Laurence L. Sloss, Ph.D., Geology Roger Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc, LL.D., Chemistry Robert H. Anderson, B.S., Engineering Thomas Park, Ph.D., Biology Charles E. Olmsted, Ph.D., Forestry Dean William L. Everitt, E.E., Ph.D., D.Eng., University of Illinois President Delyte W. Morris, Ph.D., Southern Illinois University STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John C. Frye, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chief Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25. ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY u*.-.. Ill, FULL TIME STAFF JOHN C. FRYE, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chief Enid Town ley. M.S., Geologist Helen E. McMorris. Velda A. Millard. Junior and Assistant to the Chief Secretary to the Chief Assistant to the Chief GEOLOGICAL GROUP M. L. Thompson, Ph.D., Principal Geologist Frances H. Alsterlund, A. B., Research Assistant COAL GROUND-WATER GEOLOGY AND Jack A. Simon. M.S., Geologist and Head GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION William H. Smith, M. S., Geologist Kenneth E. Clegg. M.S., Associate Geologist Robert E. Bergstrom, Ph.D., Geologist and Head H. J. Gluskoter, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Merlyn B. Buhle, M.S., Geologist M. E. Hopkins, Ph.D., Associate Geologist James E. Hackett, Ph.D., Geologist Russel A. Peppers, Ph.D., Associate Geologist John P. Kempton, Ph.D., Associate Geologist F. N. Murray, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist L. D. McGinnis, Ph.D., Assoc. Geophysicist (on leave) OIL AND GAS Keros Cartwright, M.S., Assistant Geologist Donald C. Bond, Ph.D., Head Manoutchehr Heidari, M.S., Assistant Engineer Thomas F. Lawry, B.S., Assoc. Petrol. Engineer Paul C. Heigold, M.S., Assistant Geophysicist R. F. Mast, M.S., Assoc. Petrol. Engineer George M. Hughes, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Wayne F. Meents, Associate Geological Engineer Ronald A. Landon, M.S., Assistant Geologist Hubert M. Bristol. M.S., Assistant Geologist Kemal Piskin, M.S., Assistant Geologist Richard H. Howard, M.S., Assistant Geologist Jean I. Larsen, M.A., Research Assistant David L. Stevenson, M.S., Assistant Geologist Murray R. McComas, M.S., Assistant Geologist Jacob Van Den Berg, M.S., Assistant Geologist Verena M. Colvin, Technical Assistant Elton E. Hill, B.A., Research Assistant Charles R. Lund, Technical Assistant STRATIGRAPHY AND AREAL GEOLOGY Shirley A. Masters, B.S., Technical Assistant H. B. Willman, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Elwood Atherton, Ph.D., Geologist Charles Collinson, Ph.D., Geologist INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Herbert D. Glass, Ph.D., Geologist James C. Bradbury, Ph.D., Geologist in charge David H. Swann, Ph.D., Geologist James W. Baxter. Ph.D., Associate Geologist T. C. Buschbach, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Richard D. Harvey, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Lois S. Kent, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Jerry A. Lineback, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Ralph E. Hunter. Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Robert W. Frame, Supervisory Tech. Assistant J. Stanton Bonwell, Technical Assistant Joseph F. Howard, Assistant ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING CLAY RESOURCES AND CLAY MINERAL TECHNOLOGY W. Calhoun Smith, Ph.D., Geologist in charge W. Arthur White, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Paul B. DuMontelle, M.S., Assistant Geologist Bruce F. Bohor, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Patricia M. Moran, B.A., Research Assistant Mary K. Kyriazis, Technical Assistant CHEMICAL GROUP Glenn C. Finger, Ph.D., Principal Chemist Ruth C. Lynge, Technical Assistant Thelma J. Chapman. B.A., Technical Assistant ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY Neil F. Shimp, Ph.D., Chemist and Head G. C. Finger, Ph.D., Acting Head Juanita Witters, M.S., Physicist D. R. Dickerson, Ph.D., Associate Chemist William J. Armon, M.S., Associate Chemist Richard H. Shiley, M.S., Assistant Chemist Charles W. Beeler, M.A., Associate Chemist Rodney R. Ruch, Ph.D., Associate Chemist John A. Schleicher, B.S., Associate Chemist CHEMICAL ENGINEERING David B. Heck, B.S., Assistant Chemist H. W. Jackman, M.S.E., Chem. Engineer, Head John K. Kuhn, B.S., Assistant Chemist R. J. Helfinstine, M.S., Mechanical and Jane V. Dresback, B.S., Research Assistant Administrative Engineer Paul E. Gardner, Technical Assistant George R. James, Technical Assistant H. P. Ehrlinger III, M.S., Assoc. Minerals Engineer Benjamin F. Manley, Technical Assistant M. L. Schroder, B.S., Asst. Minerals Engineer Lee D. Arnold, B.S., Assistant Engineer COAL CHEMISTRY Larry R. Camp, B.S., Research Assistant G. Robert Yohe, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Walter E. Cooper, Technical Assistant Robert M. Fairfield, Technical Assistant PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY John P. McClellan, Technical Assistant Josephus Thomas, Jr., Ph.D., Chemist and Head Edward A. Schaede, Technical Assistant MINERAL ECONOMICS GROUP Hubert E. Risser, Ph.D., Principal Mineral Economist W. L. Busch, A.B., Associate Mineral Economist Robert L. Major, M.S., Assistant Mineral Economist ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION TECHNICAL RECORDS Enid Townley, M.S., Geologist and Acting Head Berenice Reed, Supervisory Technical Assistant George M. Wilson, M.S., Geologist Miriam Hatch, Technical Assistant David L. Reinertsen, A.M., Associate Geologist Hester L. Nesmith, B.S., Technical Assistant William E. Cote, A.B., Research Assistant Helen S. Johnston, B.S., Technical Assistant GENERAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Peggy H. Schroeder, B.A., Research Assistant FINANCIAL OFFICE Jo Ann Munnis, Technical Assistant Velda A. Millard, in charge Marjorie J. Hatch, Clerk IV SPECIAL TECHNICAL SERVICES Virginia C. Smith, B.S., Clerk IV Pauline Mitchell, Clerk-Typist III Glenn G. Poor, Research Associate (on leave) Merle Ridgley, Research Associate PUBLICATIONS Gilbert L. Tinberg, Technical Assistant Wayne W. Nofftz, Supervisory Tech. Assistant Yohe, Ph.D., Coordinator G. Robert Donovon M. Watkins, Technical Assistant Betty Lynch. B.Ed., Technical Editor M. Mary M. Sullivan, Supervisory Technical Assistant Lois S. Haig, Technical Editor (on leave) Emily S. Kirk, Supervisory Technical Assistant Carol A. Brandt, B.A., Acting Tech. Editor Victoria Singley, B.A., Asst. Tech. Editor Marie L. Martin, Geologic Draftsman CLERICAL SERVICES Marilyn Crawley, B.F.A., Asst. Geologic Draftsman Sandra Kay McCabe, Clerk-Stenographer II William Dale Farris, Research Associate Hazel V. Orr, Clerk-Stenographer II Beulah M. Unfer, Technical Assistant Rosemary P. Scholl, Clerk-Stenographer II Dorothy M. Spence, Clerk-Stenographer II LIBRARY Jane C. Washburn, Clerk-Stenographer II Magdeline Hutchison, Lieselotte F. Haak, Geological Librarian E. Clerk-Stenographer I Jessica A. Merz, Technical Assistant Edna M. Yeargin, Clerk-Stenographer I Shirley L. Weatherford, Key Punch Operator II MINERAL RESOURCE RECORDS JoAnn L. Hayn, Clerk-Typist I Linda D. Rentfrow, Clerk-Typist II Vivian Gordon, Head Sharon K. Mueller, Clerk-Typist II Hannah Kistler, Supervisory Technical Assistant Pauline F. Tate, Clerk-Typist I Ruth S. Vail, B.S., Research Assistant Constance Armstrong, Technical Assistant Rebekah R. Byrd, Technical Assistant AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE Cathleen J. Gannon, B.A., Technical Assistant Robert O. Ellis, Garage Superintendent Connie L. Maske, B.A., Technical Assistant David B. Cooley, Automotive Mechanic Nancy Silliman, A.B., Technical Assistant Everette Edwards, Automotive Mechanic (on leave) Elizabeth Speer, Technical Assistant James E. Taylor, Automotive Mechanic EMERITI RESEARCH AFFILIATES AND M. M. Leighton, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chief, Emeritus CONSULTANTS Arthur Bevan, Ph.D., D.Sc, Prin. Geol., Emeritus Richard C. Anderson, Ph.D., Augustana College J. S. Machin, Ph.D., Principal Chemist, Emeritus W. F. Bradley, Ph.D., University of Texas 0._W. Rees, Ph.D., Principal Research Chemist, Emer. Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D., University of Illinois Wi H. Voskuil, Ph.D., Principal Mineral Economist, S. E. Harris, Jr., Ph.D., Southern Illinois University Emeritus Mamood B. Mirza, Ph.D., University of Illinois G. H. Cady, Ph.D., Senior Geologist, Emeritus I. E. Odom, Ph.D., Northern Illinois University A. H. Bell, Ph.D., Geologist, Emeritus T. K. Searight, Ph.D., Illinois State University Geologist, George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D., Emeritus Paul R. Shaffer, Ph.D., University of Illinois Emeritus J. E. Lamar, B.S., Geologist, D. A. Stephenson, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin Physicist, R. J. Piersol, Ph.D., Emeritus H. R. Wanless, Ph.D., University of Illinois B.S., Chemist, Emeritus L. D. McVicker, George W. White, Ph.D., University of Illinois Lester L. Whiting, M.S., Geologist, Emeritus B. J. Greenwood, B.S., Mechanical Engineer, Emeritus Topographic mapping in cooperation with the February 1, 1967 United States Geological Survey. COISTE1STS Page Introduction 11 Definitions 12 Chemical terms relating to composition 12 Materials in limestones and dolomites 13 Carbonate components 13 Noncarbonate components 15 Chert 15 Clay and shale 17 Sand, silt, and secondary silica 17 Pyrite and marcasite 19 Geodes 20 Glauconite 21 Barite 21 Organic matter